The Passing Of The Great Race

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THE PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE

THE PASSING OF
THE GREAT RACE

OR

THE RACIAL BASIS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY

BY

MADISON GRANT

OHAIRKAN, NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, TRUSTEE. AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAt
HISTORY ; COUNCILOR, AMERICAN GZOIJRAPIHCAL SOCIETY

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS

1916

Co^'YRir.nT, 1910, by
CHARLES SCRIPNER’S SONS

Published October, 1916

To

MY FATHER

PREFACE

European historv^ has oeen written in terms of
nationality and of language, but never before in
terms of race; yet race has played a far larger part
than either language or nationality in moulding the
destinies of luen; race implies heredity, and hered
ity implies all the moral, social, and intellectual
characteristics and traits which are the springs of
politics and government.

Quite independently and unconsciously the au-
thor, never before a historian, has turned this
historical sketch into the current of a great bio-
logical movement, which may be traced back to
the teachings of Galton and Weismann, beginning
in the latter third of the nineteenth century. This
movement has compelled us to recognize the
superior force and stability of heredity, as being
more enduring and potent than environment.
This movement is also a reaction from the teachings
of Henri Taine among historans and of Herbert
Spencer among biologists, because it proves that
environment and, in the case of man, education
have an immediate, apparent, and temporary in-
fluence, while heredity has a deep, subtle, and per-
manent influence on the actions of men.

viii

PREFACE

Thus the racial history of Europe, which forms
the author’s main outline and subject and which
is v;holly original in treatment, might be para-
j>brased as the heredity history of Europe. It is
history as influenced by the hereditary impulses,
predispositions, and tendencies which as highly
distinctive racial traits date back many thousands
of years and were originally formed when man
was still in the tribal state, long before the advent
of ciA'ilization.

In the author’s opening chapters these traits
and tendencies are commented upon as they are
observed to-day under the varying influences of
migration and changes of social and physical en-
vironment. In the chapters relating to the racial
history of Europe we enter a new and fascinating
field of study, which I trust the author himself
may some day expand into a longer story. There
is no gainsaying that this is the correct scientific
method of approaching the problem of the past.

The moral tendency of the heredity interpreta-
tion of history is for our day and generation, and
is in strong accord with the uue spirit of the
modern eugenics movement in relation to patriot-
ism, namely, the conservation and multiplication
for our countiy’ of the best spiritual, moral, intel-
lectual, and physical forces of heredity; thus only
will the intcgi jix' of our institutions be maintained
in the future. 'I’hese divine forces are more or

PREFACE

ix

less sporadically distributed in all races, some of
them are fou id iu what we call the lowest races,
some are scattered widely throughout humanity,
but they are certainly more widely and uniformly
distributed in some races than in others.

Thus conservation of that race, which has given
us the true spirit of Americanism, is not a matter
either of racial pride or of racial prejudice; it is a
matter of love of country, of a true sentiment
which is based upon knowledge and the lessons of
history, rather than upon the sentimeiitalism
which is fostered by ignorance. If I were asked;
Wliat is the greatest danger which threatens the
American republic to-day? I would certainly reply:
The gradual dying out among our people of those
hereditary traits through which the principles of
our religious, political, and social foundations were
laid down, and their insidious replacement by
traits of less noble character.

Henry Fairfield Osborn.

July 13, 1916.

CONTENTS

PART I

RACE, LANGUAGE. AND NATIONALITY

PAGE

I. Race and Democracy ... ... 3

II. The Pfysicai Basis of Race 11

III. Race and Habitat .... - • - 33

IV. The Competition of Races 42

V. Race, Language, and Nationality ... 52

VI. Race and Language 63

VIL The European Races in Colonies ... 68

PART IT

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

1 . Eolithic Man 85

II. Paleolithic Ma> 92

III. The Neolithic and Bronze Ages ... 107

IV. The Alpine Race . 121

V. The Mediterranean Race 134

VI. The Nordic Race 150

xi

xii CONTENTS

PAGE

VIL Teutonic Europe i6i

VIII. The Expansion of the Nordics .... 170

IX. The Nordic Fatherland 189

X. Nordic Race Outside of Europe ... 194

XL The Racial Aptitudes 197

XII. Arya 201

XIII. The Origin of the Aryan Languages . . 209

XIV. The Aryan Language in Asia .... 219

BlJiLL OKAPHY ... 229

233

CHART? AND MAPS

CHARTS

CxiRONOLOGICAL TaBLE Pag€S I18-IIO

Classification of the Races of Europe

FaJngpage 12^

Provisional OaiLiNF. of Nordic Invasions and
Metal Cultx res Facing page 191

MAPS

AT THE END OF VOLUME

Maximum Expansion of Alpines with Bronze Culture,
3000-1800 B. C.

Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics, 1800 -ioo B. C.

Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Al-
pines, IOO B. C.-iioo A. D.

Present Distribution of European Races.

INTRODUCTION

The following pages are devoted to an attempt
to emcidate the meaning of history in terms of
race; that Is, by the physical and psychical char-
acters of the inhabitants of Europe instead uf by
iheir political grouping, or by their spoken lan-
guage. Practically all historians, while using the
word race, have relied on tribal or national names
as its sole definition. The ancients, like the mod-
erns, in determining ethnical origin, did not look
beyond a man’s name, language, or country, and
the actual information furnished by classic lit-
i'rature on the subject of physical characters is
limited to a few scattered and often obscure
remarks.

Modern anthropology has demonstrated that
i’acial lines are not only absolutely independent of
botii national and linguistic groupings, but that in
many cases these, racial lines cut through them at
sharj) angles and correspond closely with the divi-
sions of social cleavage. The great less<m of the
science of race is the immutability of somatological
or bodily characters, with which is closely asso-
ciated the immutability of jisychical predisposi-
tions and impulses. This continuity of inheri-

XVI

INTRODUCTION

tance has a most important bearing on the theor
of democracy and still more upon that of socialism
ao'i those engaged in social uplift and in revolu
tionary movements are consequently usually verj
intolerant of the limitations imposed by heredity.

Democratic theories of government in their mod-
em form are based on dogmas of equality formu-
lated some hundred and 6fty years ago, and rest
upon the assumption that environment and not
heredity is the controlling factor in human develop-
ment. Philanthropy and noble purpose dictated
the doctrine expressed in the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, the document which to-day constitutes
the actual basis of American institutions. The men
who wrote the words, “we hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal,” were
themselves the owners of slaves, and despised
Indians as something less than human. Equality
in their minds meant merely that they were just
as good Englishmen as their brothers across the
sea. The words “that all men are created equal”
have since been subtly falsified by adding the
word “free,” although no such expression is found
in the original document, and the teachings based
on these altered words in the American public
schools of to-day would startle and amaze the men
who formulated the Declaration.

The laws of nature operate with the same relent-
less and unchanging iotce in human affairs as in

INTRODUCTION

xvii

the pheii ''mena of inanimtite nature, and the ba;iis
of the go^'emment of man is now and always has
been, and alwa>s will be, force and not sentiment,
a truth demonstrated anew by the present world
conflagration.

It will be necessaiy for the reader to strip his
mind of all preconceptions as to race, since mod-
ern anthropology, when applied to history, involves
an entire change of definition. We must, first of
all, realize that race pure and simple, the physical
and psychical structure of man, is something en-
tirely distinct from either nationality or language,
and that race lies to-day at the base of all the
phenomena of modem society, just as it has done
throughout the unrecorded eons of the past.

The antiquity of e.xisting European populations,
viewed in the light thrown upon their origins by
the discoveries of the last few decades, enables us
to carry back history and prehistory into periods
so remote that the classic world is but of yester-
day. The living peoples of Europe consist of layer
after layer of diverse racial elemt.nts in varying
proportions, and historians and anthropologists,
while studying these populations, have been con-
cerned chiefly with the recent strata, and have
neglected the more ancient and submerged types.

Aboriginal populations from time immemorial
have been again and again swamped under floods
ol newcomers and have disappeared ior a time

xvia

INTRODUCTION

from historic view. In the course of centuries,
however, these primitive elements have slowly re-
asserted their physical type and have gradually bred
out their conquerors, so that the racial history of
Europe has been in the past, and is to-day a story
of the repression and resurgence of ancient races.

Invasions of new races have ordinarily arrived in
successive waves, the earlier ones being quickly
absorbed by the conquered, while the later arrivals
usually maintain longer the purity of their type.
Corisequcntly the more recent elements are found
in a less mixed state than the older, and the more
primitive strata of the population always contain
physical traits derived from still more ancient pred-
ecessors.

Man has inhabited Europe in some form or
other for hundreds of thousands of years, and
during all this lapse of time the population has
been as dense as the food supj)ly peimitted. Tribes
in the hunting stage are necessarily of small size,
no matter how abundant the game, and in the
Paleolithic period man j)robabiy existed only in
si)ecially favorable kxalities, and in relatively
small communities.

In the Neolithic and Bronze periods domesti-
cated animals and the knowledge of agriculture,
although of j'jrimitive character, afTorded an en-
larged food supp.Iy, and the population in conse-
quence grt'atiy increased. The lake dwellers of

INTRODUCTION

XIX

the Neolithic were, for example, relatively numer-
ous. With the clearing of the forests and the
draining of the swamps during the Middle Ages
and, above ail, with th^. industrial expansion of
the last century, the population multiplied witli
great rapidity We ran, of course, form little or
no estimate of the numbers of the Paleolithic
population of Europe, and not much more of those
of Neolithic times, but even the latter miist have
been very small in comparison with th(' census of
to- day.

Some conception of the growth of poj)uIation in
recent times may be based on the increase in Eng-
land. It has been computed that Saxon England
at the time of the Conquest contained about
1,500,000 inhabitants; at the time of Queen Eliz-
abeth the population was about 4,000,000, while
in 1911 the census gave for the same area some
33,000,000.

riie immense range of the subject of race in con-
nection with history from its nebulous dawn, and
the limitations of space, require tnat generaliza-
tions must often be stated without mention of
exceptions. These sweeping statements may even
appear to be too bold, but they rest, to the best of
the writer’s belief, upon solid foundations of facts,
or else are legitimate conclusions from evidence
now in hand. In a science as recent as modem
anthropology, new facts are constantly revealed

XX

INTRODUCTION

and require the modification of existing hypotheses.
The more the subject is studied the more pro-
visional even the best-sustained theory appears,
but modem research opens a vista of vast interest
and significance to man, now that we have dis-
carded the shackles of former false view-points and
are able to discern, even though dimly, the solu-
tion of many of the problems of race. New data
will in the future inevitably expand, and perhaps
change our ideas, but such facts as are now in
hand, and the conclusions based thereupon, are
provisionally set forth in the following chapters,
and necessarily often in a dogmatic form.

The statements relating to time have presented
the greatest difficulty, as the authorities differ
widely, but the dates have been fixed with ex-
treme conserv’atism and the writer believes that
whatever changes in them are hereafter required
by further investigation and study, will result in
j)ushing them back and not forward in prehistory.
The dates giv'en in the chapter of ‘ Paleolithic
Man” are frankly taken from the most recent
authority on this subject, “The INIen of the Old
Stone .\gc,” by Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn,
and the writer desires to take this opportunity to
acknowledge his great indebtedness to this source
of information, as well as to Mr. M. Taylor Pyne
and to Mr. Charles Stew’art Davison for tlieir as-
sistance and many helpful suggestions.

INT5.0DUCTI0N

XXI

The author also wishes to acknowledge a debt
of gratitude to Professor William Z. Ripley’s great
work on “The Races of Europe,” which contains
a vast array of anthropological data, maps, and
t}^e portraits, providing a mine of information
upon which the author has drawn freely, for the
present distribution of the three primary races of
Europe.

The American Geographical Society and its
,sta£f, particularly Mr, Leon Dominian, have also
been of great assistance in the preparation of the
maps contained herein, and this occasion is taken
by the writer to express his deep appreciation for
their assistance.

THE PASSING OF THE
GREAT RACE

PART I

RACE, LANC;UA(^E, AND NATIONALITY

I

RACE AND DEMOCRACY

Failtire to r'^cogni2e the clear distinction be-
tween race and nationality and the still greater
distinction between race and language, the easy
assumption that the one is indicative of the other,
has been in the past a serious impediment to an
understanding of racial values. Historians and
philologists have approached the subject from the
view-point of linguistics, and as a result we have
been burdened with a group of mythical races,
such as the Latin, the Aryan, the Caucasian, and,
perhaps, most inconsistent of all, the “Celtic”
ra^e.

Man is an animal differing from his fellow in-
habitants of the globe, not in kind but only in
degree of development, and an intelligent study of
the human species must be preceded by an extended
knowledge of other mammals, expecially the pri-
mates. Instead of such essential training, an-
thropologists often (seek to qualify by research
in linguistics, religion, or marriage customs, or in
designs of pottery or blanket weaving, all of which
relate to ethnology alone.

The question of race has been further com-

3

4 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

plicated by the effort of old-fashioned theologians
to cramp all mankind into the scant six thousand
years of Hebrew chronology, as expounded by Arch-
bishop Ussher. Religious teachers have also main-
tained the proposition not only that man is some-
thing fundamentally distinct from other living
creatures, but that there are no inherited dif-
ferences in humanity that cannot be obliterated
by education and environment.

It is, therefore, necessary at the outset for the
reader to thoroughly appreciate that race, lan-
guage, and nationality are three separate and
distinct things, and that in Europe these three
elements are only occasionally found persisting
in combination, as in the Scandinavian nations.

To realize the transitory nature of political
boundaries, one has only to consider the changes
of the past century, to say nothing of those which
may occur at the end of the present war. As to
language, here in America we daily hear the Eng-
lish language spoken by many men who possess
not one drop of English blood, and who, a few
years since, knew not one word of Saxon speech.

As a result of certain religious and social
doctrines, now happily becJlning obsolete, race
consciousness has been greatly impaired among
civilized nations, but in the beginning all differ-
ences of class, of caste, and of color, marked actual
lines of race cleavage.

RACE AND DEMOCRACY

S

In many countries the existing classes rep-
resent races that were once distinct. In the xity
of New York, and elsewhere in the United States,
there is a native American aristocracy resting upon
layer after layer of immigrants of lower races,
and the native American, while, of course, dis-
claiming the distinction of a patrician class, never-
theless has, up to this time, supplied the leaders
of thought and the control of capital, of educa-
tion, and of the religious ideals and altruistic
bias of the community.

In the democratic forms of government the
operation of universal suffrage tends toward the
selection of the average man for public office rather
than the man qualified by birth, education, and
integrity. How this scheme of administration
will ultimately work out remains to be seen, but
from a racial point of view, it will inevitably in-
crease the preponderance of the lower types and
cause a corresponding loss of eflficiency in the
community as a whole.

The tendency in a democracy is toward a stand-
ardization of type and a diminution of the in-
fluence of genius. A majority must of necessity
be inferior to a picked minority, and it always
resents specializations in which it cannot share.
In the French Revolution the majority, calling
itself “the people,” deliberately endeavored to
destroy the higher type, and something of the

6 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

same sort was, in a measure, done after the Amer-
ican Revolution by the expulsion of the Loyalists
and the confiscation of their lands.

In America we have nearly succeeded in de-
stroying the privilege of birth; that is, the intellec-
tual and moral advantage a man of good stock
brings into the world with him. We are now en-
gaged in destroying the privilege of wealth; that
is, the reward of successful intelligence and in-
dustry, and in some quarters there is developing
a tendency to attack the privilege of intellect
and to deprive a man of the advantages of an
early and thorough education. Simplified spelling
is a step in this direction. Ignorance of English
grammar or classic learning must not be held up
as a reproach to the political and social aspirant.

Mankind emerged from savagery and barbar-
ism under the leadership of selected individuals
whose personal prowess, capacity, or wisdom gave
them the right to lead and the power to compel
obedience. Such leaders have always been a mi-
nute fraction of the whole, but as long as the
tradition of their predominance persisted they were
able to use the brute strength of the unthinking
herd as part of their own force, and were able to
direct at will the blind dynamic impulse of the
slaves, peasants, or lower classes. Such a despot
had an enormous power at his disposal which, if
he were benevolent or even intelligent, could be

RACE AND DEMOCRACY

7

used, and most frequently was used, for the general
uplift of the race. Even ^hose rulers who most
abused this pDwer put down with merciless rigor
the antisocial elements, such as pirates, brigands,
or anarchists, which impair the progress of a com-
munity, as disease or wounds cripple an individual.

True aristocracy is government by the wisest
and best, always a small minority in any popula-
tion. Human society is like a serpent dragging its
long body on the ground, but with the head always
thrust a little in advance and a little elevated
above the earth. The serpent’s tail, in human
society represented by the antisocial forces, was
in the past dragged by sheer force along the path
of progress. Such has been the organization of
mankind from the beginning, and such it still is
in older communities than ours. What progress
humanity can make under the control of uni-
versal suffrage, or the rule of the average, may
find a further analogy in the habits of certain
snakes which wiggle sideways and disregard the
head with its brains and eyes. Such serpents,
however, are not noted for their ability to make
rapid progress.

To use another simile, in an aristocratic as
distinguished from a plutocratic, or democratic
organization, the intellectual and talented classes
form the point of the lance, while the massive
shaft represents the body of the population and

8 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

adds by its bulk and weight to the penetrative
impact of the tip. In a democratic system this
concentrated force at the top is dispersed through-
out the mass, supplying, to be sure, a certain
amoimt of leaven, but in the long run the force
and genius of the small minority is dissipated, if
not wholly lost. Vox populi, so far from being
Vox Dei, thus becomes an unending wail for rights,
and never a chant of duty.

Where a conquering race is imposed on another
race the institution of slavery often arises to com-
pel the servient race to work, and to introduce
it forcibly to a higher form of civilization. As
soon as men can be induced to labor to supply
their own needs slavery becomes wasteful and
tends to vanish. Slaves are often more fortunate
than freemen when treated with reasonable hu-
manity, and when their elemental wants of food,
clothing, and shelter are supplied.

The Indians around the fur posts in northern
Canada were formerly the virtual bond slaves of
the Hudson Bay Company, each Indian and his
squaw and pappoose being adequately supplied
with simple food and equipment. He was pro-
tected as well against the white man’s rum as the
red man’s scalping parties, and in return gave the
Company all his peltries — the whole product of his
year’s work. From an Indian’s point of view this
was nearly an ideal condition, but was to all in-

RACE AND DEMOCRACY

9

tents serfdom or slavery. When, through the open-
ing up of the country, the continuance of such an
archaic system became an impossibility, the Indian
sold his furs to the highest bidder, received a large
price in cash, and then wasted the proceeds in
trinkets instead of blankets, and in rum instead of
flour, with the result ihat he is now gloriouslv free,
but is on the highroad to becoming a diseased out-
cast. In this case of the Hudson Bay Indian the
advantages of the upward step from serfdom to
freedom are not altogether clear. A very similar
condition of vassalage existed until recently among
the peons of Mexico, but without the compensa-
tion of an intelligent and provident ruling class._

In the same way serfdom in mediaeval Europe
apparently was a device through which the land-
owners overcame the nomadic instincts of their
tenantry. Years are required to bring land to
its highest productivity, and agriculture cannot
be successfully practised even in well-watered and
fertile districts by farmers who continually drift
bom one locality to another. T'le serf or villein
was, therefore, tied by law to the land, and could
not leave except with his master’s consent. As
soon as these nomadic instincts ceased to exist
serfdom vanished. One has only to read the.
severe laws against vagrancy in England, just
before the Reformation, to realize how wide-
spread and serious was this nomadic instinct.

10 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

Here in /America we have not yet forgotten the
wandering instincts of our Western pioneers, which
in that case proved to be beneficial to every one
except the migrants.

II

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

In the modern and scientific study of race we
have long discarded the Adamic theory that man
is descended from a single pair, created a few
thousand years ago in a mythical Garden of Eden
somewhere in Asia, to spread later over the earth
in successive waves.

Many of the races of Europe, both living and
extinct, did come from the East through Asia
Minor or by way of the African littoral, but most
of the direct ancestors of existing populations
have inhabited Europe for many thousands of
years. During that time numerous races of men
have passed over the scene. Some undoubtedly
have utterly vanished, and some have left their
blood behind them in the Europeans of to-day.

It is a fact, however, that Asia was the chief
area of evolution and differentiation of man, and
that the various groups had their main development
there, and not on the peninsula we call Europe.

We now know, since the elaboration of the
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance, that certain bodily
characters, the so-called unit characters, such as
skuU shape, stature, eye color, hair color, and

12 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

nose form, are transmitted in accordance with
fixed mathematical laws, and, further, that vari-
ous unit characters which are normally correlated,
or belong together, may, after prolonged admix-
ture with another race, pass down separately, and
form what is known as disharmonic combinations.
Such disharmonic combinations are, for example, a
tall brunet, or a short blond; blue eyes associated
with brunet hair, or brown eyes with blond hair.
In modern science the meaning of the word .“char-
acter” is now limited to physical instead of
mental and spiritual traits as in popular usage.

The process of intermixture of unit characters
has gone far in existing populations, and with the
ease of modem methods of transportation this
process is going much further in Europe, and in
America. The immediate results of such mix-
ture are not blends, or intermediate types, but
rather mosaics of contrasted characters. Such
blends, if any, as ultimately occur, are too remote
to concern us here. The first result of the cross-
ing of a pure brunet with a pure blond is to
produce either pure blonds or pure brunets in
certain known proportions, instead of offspring
of an intermediate type; or else a third group
which may be either blond or brunet, but which
possesses latent characters of the contrasted type.
Such latent or recessive characters often reappear
in remote descendants.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

13

In defining race in Europe it is necessary not
only to consider pure groups or pure t5^es, but
also the distribution of unit characters belonging
to each particular subspecies of man found there.
The interbreeding of these populations has pro-
gressed to such an extent that in many cases such
an analysis of physical characters is necessary to
reconstruct the elements which have entered into
their ethnic composition.

Sometimes we find a unit character appearing
here and there as the sole remnant of a once nu-
merous race, for example, the occasional appear-
ance in European populations of a skull of the
Neanderthal type, a race widely spread over
Europe 40,000 years ago, or of the Cro-Magnon
type, the predominant race 16,000 years ago.
Before the fossil remains of the Neanderthal and
Cro-Magnon races were studied and understood
such reversional specimens were considered path-
ological, instead of being recognized as the reap-
pearance of an ancient and submerged type.

Unit c har act ers are to all intents and pu rp ose s
immutable, and they do not change during £he
Ufetime of a language or an empire. The skull
shape of the Egyptian fellaheen, in the unchang-
ing environment of the Nile Valley, is absolutely
identical in measurements, proportions and capac-
ity with skulls found in the predynastic tombs
dating back more than six thousand years.

14 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

< There exists to-day a widespread and fatuous
belief in the power of environment, as well as of
education and opportunity to alter heredity, which
arises from the dogma of the brotherhood of man,
derived in turn from the loose thinkers of the
French Revolution and their American mimics.
Such beliefs have done much damage in the past,
and if allowed to go uncontradicted, may do much
more serious damage in the future. Thus the view
that the negro slave was an unfortunate cousin
of the white man, deeply tanned by the tropic
sun, and denied the blessings of Christianity and
civilization, played no small part with the senti-
mentalists of the Civil War period, and it has
taken us fifty years to learn that speaking English,
wearing good clothes, and going to school and to
church, does not transform a negro into a white
man. Nor was a Syrian or Egyptian freedman
transformed into a Roman by wearing a toga,
and applauding his favorite gladiator in the amphi-
theatre. We shall have a similar experience with
the Polish Jew, whose dwarf stature, peculiar
mentality, and ruthless concentration on self-in-
terest are being engrafted upon the stock of the
nation.

Recent attempts have been made in the in-
terest of inferior races among our immigrants to
show that the shape of the skull does change, not
merely in a century, but in a single generation.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

IS

In 1910, the report of the anthropological expert
of the Congressional Immigration Commission,
gravely declared that a round skull Jew on his way
across the Atlantic rmght and did have a round
skull child, but that a few years later, in response
to the subtle elixir of American institutions, as ex-
emplified in an East Side tenement, might and
did have a child whose skull was appreciably
longer; and that a long skull south Italian, breed-
ing freely, would have precisely the same experi-
ence in the reverse direction. In other words, the
Melting Pot was acting instantly under the in-
fluence of a changed environment.

What the Melting Pot actually does in prac-
tice, can be seen in Mexico, where the absorption
of the blood of the original Spanish conquerors
by the native Indian population has produced
the racial mixture which we call Mexican, and
which is now engaged in demonstrating its inca-
pacity for self-government. The world has seen
many such mixtures of races, and the character
of a mongrel race is only just bej, inning to be un-
derstood at its true value.

It must be borne in mind that the specializa-
tions which characterize the higher races are of
relatively recent development, are highly unstable
and when mixed with generalized or primitive
characters, tend to disappear. Whether we like
to admit it or not, the result of the mixture of

l6 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

two races , in the long run, gives us a race re-
ve r ting to the more ancient, generaliz e d and lower
type. The cross between a white man and an In-
dian is an Indian; the cross between a white man
and a negro is a negro; the cross between a white
man and a Hindu is a Hindu; and the cross be-
tween any of the three European races and a Jew
is a Jew.

In the crossing of the blond and brunet ele-
ments of a population, the more deeply rooted
and ancient dark traits are prepotent or dominant.
This is matter of everyday observation, and the
working of this law of nature is not influenced or
affected by democratic institutions or by religious
beliefs.

As measured in terms of centuries, unit char-
acters are immutable, and the only benefit to be
derived from a changed environment and better
food conditions, is the opportunity afforded a
race which has lived under adverse conditions,
to achieve its maximum development, but the
limits of that development are fixed for it by
Ijheredity and not by environment.

In dealing with European populations the best
method of determining race has been found to lie
in a comparison of proportions of the skull, the so-
called cephalic index. This is the ratio of maximum
length to maximum width taken at the ^Addest part
of the skull above the ears. Skulls with an index

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

17

of 75 or less, that is, when the width is three-
fourths or less than the length, are considered
dolichocephalic, or long skulls. Skulls of an index
of 80 or over are ro’ind skulls, or brachycephalic.
Intermediate indices, between 75 and 80, are con-
sidered mesocephalic. These are cranial indices.
To allow for the liesh on living specimens, about
two per cent is to be added to the index, and the
result is the cephaUc index. In the following
pages only long and round skulls are considered
and the intermediate forms, or mesocephs, are
assigned to the dolichocephalic group.

This cephalic index, though an extremely im-
portant if not the controlling unit character, is,
nevertheless, but a single character and must
be checked up with other somatological traits.
Normally, a long skull is associated with a long
face, and a round skull with a round face.

The use of this test, the cephalic index, enables
us to divide the great bulk of the European pop-
ulations into three distinct subspecies of man,
one northern and one southern, bot h d olicho;
cephalic or characterized, by a long skuU, and a
central subspecies which is brach yc ephal ic. or char-
acteriz ed by a ro und skull._

The first is the Nordic or Baltic subspecies. This
race is long skulled, very tall, fair skinned, with
blond or brown hair and light colored eyes. The
Nordics inhabit the countries around the North

1 8 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

and Baltic Seas, and include not only the great
Scandinavian and Teutonic groups, but also other
early peoples who first appear in southern Europe
and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language
and culture.

The second is the dark Mediterranean or Iberian
subspecies, occupying the shores of the inland sea,
and extending along the Atlantic coast until it
reaches the Nordic species. It also spreads far
east into southern Asia. It is long skulled like
jAe Nordic race, but the absolute size of the skull
k less. The eyes and hair are veryjdark or blark,
and the skin more or less swarthy. The stature is
stunted in comparison to that of the Nordic race
and the musculature and bony framework weak.

The third is the Alpine subspecies occupying all
central and eastern Europe, and extending
through Asia Minor to th e Hindu K ush and the
Pamirs. The Armenoids constitute an Alpine
subdivision and represent the ancestral type of
this race which remained in the mountains and
high plateaux of Anatolia and western Asia.
The Alpines are round skulled, of medium height
and sturdy build, both as to skeleton and muscles.
The coloration of both hair and eyes was originally
very dark and still tends strongly in that direc-
tion, but many light colored eyes, especially gray,
are now found in the Alpine populations of west-
ern Europe.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

19

While the inhabitants of Europe betray as a
whole their mixed origin, nevertheless the three
main subspecies are each found in large numbers
and in great purity, as well as sparse remnants of
still more ancient races represented by small groups
or by individuals, and even by unit characters.

These three main groups have bodily characters
which constitute them distinct subspecies of Homo
sapiens. Each has several varieties, but for the
sake of clearness the word race and not the word
species or subspecies will hereafter be used nearly,
but not quite, exclusively. In zoology the term
species implies the existence of a certain definite
amount of divergence from the most closely re-
lated type, but race does not require a similar
amount of difference. In man, where all groups
are more or less fertile when crossed, so many
intermediate or mixed types occur that the word
species has too limited a meaning for wide use.
Related species when grouped together constitute
subgenera and genera.

The old idea that fertility or infertility of races
of animals was the measure of species, is now
abandoned. One of the greatest difficulties in
classifying man is his perverse predisposition to
mismate. This is a matter of daily observation,
especially among the women of the better classes,
probably because of their wider range of choice.

The cephalic index is of less value in the classi-

20 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

fication of Asiatic populations, but the distribu-
tion of round and long skulls is similar to that in
Europe. The vast central plateau of that con-
tinent is inhabited by round skulls. In fact, Thibet
and the western Himalayas were probably the
centre of radiation of all the round skulls of the
world. In India and Persia south of this central
area occurs a long skull race related to Mediter-
ranean man in Europe.

Both skull types occur, much intermixed, among
the American Indians, and the cephalic index is
of little value in classifying the Amerinds. No
satisfactory explanation of the variability of the
skull shape of this species has as yet been found,
but the total range of variation of physical char-
acters from northern Canada to southern Pata-
gonia is less than the range of such variation from
Normandy to Provence in France.

In Africa the cephalic index is also of small
classification value because all of the populations
are characterized by a long skull.

The distinction between a long skull and a
round skull in mankind probably goes back at
least to early Paleolithic times, if not to a period
still more remote. It is of such great antiquity
that when new species or races appear in Europe
at the close of the Paleolithic, between 10,000 and
7,000 years B. C., the skull characters among
them are as clearly defined as they are to-day.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

21

The fact that two distinct species of mankind
both have long skulls, as have the north European
and the African negro, is no necessary indication
of relationship, and in that instance is merely a case
of parallel specialization. The fact, however, that
the Swede has a long skull and the Savoyard c.
round skull does prove them to be descendants
of distinct subspecies.

The claims that the Nordic race is a mere vari-
ation of the Mediterranean race, and that the lat-
ter is, in turn, derived from the Ethiopian negro,
rest upon a mistaken idea that a dolichocephaly in
common must mean identity of origin, as well as
upon a failure to take into consideration many so-
matological characters of almost equal value with
the cephalic index. In this connection it is well
to remark that this measurement, being merely a
ratio, may yield identical figures for skulls differ-
ing in every other proportion and detail, as well
as in absolute size and capacity.

Eye color is of very great importance in race
determination, because all blue, gray, or green
eyes in the world to-day came originally from the
same source, namely, the Nordic race of northern
Europe. This light colored eye has appeared no-
where else on earth, and is a specialization of tliis
subspecies of man only, and is consequently one
of extreme value in the classification of European
races. Dark colored eyes are all but universal

22 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

among wild mammals, and entirely so among the
primates, man’s nearest relatives. It is, therefore,
an absolute certainty that all the original races of
man had dark eyes.

One subspecies of man, and one alone, specialized
in light colored eyes. This same subspecies also
evolved light or blond hair, a character far less
deeply rooted than eye color, as blond children
tend to grow darker with advancing years, and
populations largely of Nordic extraction, such as
those of Lombardy, upon admixture with darker
races, lose their blond hair more readily than their
light colored eyes.

Blond hair also comes everywhere from the
Nordic species, and from nowhere else. Whenever
we find blondness among the darker races of the
earth we may be sure some Nordic wanderer has
passed that way. When individuals of perfect
blond type occur, as sometimes in Greek islands,
we may suspect a recent visit of sailors from a
passing ship, but when only single characters re-
main spread thinly, but widely, over considerable
areas, like the blondness of the Atlas Berbers or
of the Albanian mountaineers, we must search in
the dim past for the origin of these blurred traits
of early invaders.

The range of blond hair color in pure Nordic
peoples runs from flaxen and red to shades of chest-
nut and brown. The darker shades may indicate

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

23

crossing in some cases, but absolutely black hair
certainly does mean an ancestral cross with a
dark race — ^in England with the Mediterranean
race.

In Nordic populations the women are, in gen-
eral, lighter haired than the men, a fact which
points to a blond past and a darker future for
those populations. Women in all human races,
as the females among all mammals, tend to exhibit
the older, more generalized and primitive traits of
the race’s past. The male in his individual de-
velopment indicates the direction in which the
race is tending under the influence of variation and
selection.

It is interesting to note in connection with the
more primitive physique of the female, that in
the spiritual sphere also, women retain the an-
cient and intuitive knowledge that the great mass
of mankind is not free and equal, but bond and
unequal.

The color of the skin is a character of impor-
tance, but one that is exceedingly nard to measure
as the range of variation in Europe between skins
of extreme fairness and those that are exceedingly
swarthy, is almost complete. In general the
Nordic race in its purity has an absolutely fair
skin, and is consequently the Homo albus, the white
man par excellence.

Many members of the Nordic race otherwise

24 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

apparently pure have skins, as well as hair, more
or less dark, so that the determinative valu^ of
this character is uncertain. There can be no
doubt that the quality of the skin and the ex-
treme range of its variation in color from black,
brown, red, yellow to ivory-white are excellent
measures of the specific or subgeneric distinctions
between the larger groups of mankind, but in deal-
ing with European populations it is sometimes
difficult to correlate shades of fairness with other
physical characters.

It often happens that an individual with all the
Nordic characters in great purity, has a skin of
an olive or dark tint, and it much more frequently
happens that we find an individual with absolutely
pure brunet traits in possession of a skin of al-
most ivory whiteness and of great clarity. This
last combination is very frequent among the
brunets of the British Isles. That these are, to
some extent, disharmonic combinations we may
be certain, but beyond that our knowledge does
not lead. Owners, however, of a fair skin have
always been, and still are, the objects of keen envy
by those whose skins are black, yellow, or red.

Stature is another unit character of greater
value than skin color, and perhaps than hair color,
and is one of much importance in European classi-
fication because on that continent we have the
most extreme variations of human height.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

25

Exceedingly adverse economic conditions may
inlybit a race from attaining the full measure of
its growth, and to this extent environment plays its
part in determining stature, but fundamentally it
is race, always race, that sets the limit. The tall
Scot and the dwarfed Sardinian owe their respec-
tive sizes to race, and not to oatmeal or oli'’/e oil.
It is probable that the fact that the stature of the
Irish is, on the average, shorter than that of the
Scotch, is due partly to economic conditions, and
partly to the depressing effect of a considerable
population of primitive short stock.

Mountaineers all over the world tend to be
tall and vigorous, a fact probably due to the rigid
elimination of defectives by the unfavorable en-
vironment. In this case altitude would operate
like latitude, and produce the severe conditions
which seem essential to human vigor. The short
stature of the Lapps and the Esquimaux may have
been originally attributable to the trying condi-
tions of an Arctic habitat, but in any event it has
long since become a racial character.

So far as the main species of Europe are con-
cerned, stature is a very valuable measure of
race.

To recapitulate as to this character, the Mediter-
ranean race is everywhere marked by a relatively
short stature, sometimes greatly depressed, as in
south Italy and in Sardinia, and also by a com-

a6 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

paratively light bony framework and feeble mus-

cular development.

The Alpine race is taller than the Mediterranean
although shorter than the Nordic, and is char-
acterized by a stocky and sturdy build.

The Nordic race is nearly everywhere distin-
guished by great stature. Almost the tallest stature
in the world is found among the pure Nordic pop-
ulations of the Scottish and English borders, while
the native British of Pre-Nordic brunet blood
are, for the most part, relatively short; and no
one can question the race value of stature who
observes on the streets of London the contrast
between the Piccadilly gentleman of Nordic race
and the cockney costermonger of the old Neolithic
type.

In many cases where these three European races
have become mixed, stature seems to be one of
the first Nordic characters to vanish, but wherever
in Europe we find great stature in a population
otherwise lacking in Nordic characters, we may
be certain of Nordic crossing, as in the case of a
large proportion of the inhabitants of Burgundy,
of Switzerland, of the Tyrol, and of the Dalma-
tian Alps south to Albania.

These four unit characters, skull shape, eye
color, hair color, and stature, are sufficient to
enable us to differentiate clearly between the
three main races of Europe, but if we wish to dis-

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE 2f

cuss the minor variations and mixtures, wc would
have to go much further and take up other pro-
portions of the skull than the cephalic index, as
well as the shape and position of the eyes, and the
proportions and shape of the jaws and chin.

The nose also is an exceedingly important char-
acter. The original human nose was, of course,
broad and bridgeless. This trait is shown clearly
in new-born infants who recapitulate in their
development the various stages of the evolution
of the human genus. A bridgeless nose with wide
flaring nostrils is a very primitive character, and
is still retained by some of the larger divisions of
mankind throughout the world. It appears oc-
casionally in white populations of European origin,
but is everywhere a very ancient, generalized, and
low character.

The high bridge and long, narrow nose, the so-
called Roman, Norman, or aquiline nose, is char-
acteristic of the most highly specialized races of
mankind. While an apparently unimportant char-
acter, the nose is one of the very best clews to racial
origin, and in the details of its form, and especially
in the lateral shape of the nostrils, is a race deter-
minant of the greatest value.

The lips, whether thin or fleshy or whether clean-
cut or everted, are race characters. Thick, pro-
truding, everted lips are very ancient traits and
are characteristic of primitive races. A high in-

28 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

Step also has long been esteemed an indication of
patrician type, while the flat foot is often the test
of lowly origin.

The absence or abundance of hair and beard
and the relative absence or abundance of body
hair are characters of no little value in classifica-
tion. Abundant body hair is, to a large extent,
peculiar to populations of the very highest as
well as the very lowest species, being characteristic
of the north European as well as of the Australian
savages. It merely means the retention in both
these groups of a very early and primitive trait
which has been lost by the Negroes, Mongols, and
the Amerinds.

The Nordic and Alpine races are far better
equipped with head and body hair than the Medi-
terranean, which is throughout its range a glabrous
or relatively naked race.

The so-called red haired branch of the Nordic
race has special characters in addition to red
hair, such as a greenish cast of eye, a skin of pecu-
liar texture tending either to great clarity or to
freckles, and certain peculiar temperamental traits.
This was probably a variety closely related to
the blonds, and it first appears in history in as-
sociation with them.

In the structure of the head hair of all races
of mankind we find a regular progression from
extreme kinkiness to lanky straightness, and this

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

29

straightness or curliness depends on the shape of
the cross section of the hair itself. This cross
section has three distinct forms, corresponding
with the most extreme divergences among human
species.

While the three main European races are the
subject of this book, and while it is not the inten-
tion of the author to deal with the other human
types, it is necessary at this point to state that
these three European subspecies, are subdivisions
of one of the primary groups or subgenera of the
genus Homo which, taken together, we must call
the Caucasian for lack of a better name.

The great mass of the rest of mankind can be
roughly divided into the Negroes and Negroids,
and the Mongols and Mongoloids.

The former apparently originated in south Asia
and entered Africa from the northeasterly corner
of that continent. Africa south of the Sahara is
now the chief home of this race, though remnants
of Negroid aborigines are found throughout south
Asia from India to the Philippines, while the very
distinct black Melanesians and the Australoids
lie farther to the east and south.

A third subgenus of mankind includes the round
skulled Mongols and their derivatives, the Am-
erinds, or American Indians. This group is es-
sentially Asiatic, and occupies the centre and the
eastern half of that continent. A description of

30 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

these Negroid and Mongoloid subgenera and their
derivatives, as well as of certain aberrant species
of man, lies outside of the scope of this work.

In the consideration of this measurement, the cross
section of the hair in connection with these main
subgenera, we find that a permanent relation exists,
and that each of the three primary divisions of
mankind is, in the shape of the cross section of its
hair, differentiated from the others.

The cross section of the hair of the Negro and
Negroid races is a flat ellipse with the result that
all the members of this subgenus have kinky hair.

The cross section of the hair of the Mongols
and their derivatives, the Amerinds, is a complete
circle, and the hair of this subgenus is perfectly
straight and lank.

The cross section of the hair of the so-called
Caucasians, including the Mediterranean, Alpine,
and Nordic subspecies, is an oval ellipse, and con-
sequently is intermediate between the cross sec-
tions of the Negroids and Mongoloids. Hair of
this structure is wavy or curly, never either kinky
or absolutely straight, and is characteristic of all
the European populations, almost without ex-
ception.

We have confined our discussion to the most
important unit characters, but there are many
other valuable aids to classification to be found
in the proportions of the body and the relative

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE

31

length of the limbs. For an example, it is a mat-
ter of common knowledge that there occur among
white women two distinct types in this latter
respect, the one long legged and short bodied,
the other long bodied and short legged. All such
facts have a race value as yet not understood.

Without going into further physical details, it is
probable that all relative proportions in the body,
the features, the skeleton, and the skull which are
fixed and constant and lie outside of the range of
individual variation represent dim inheritances
from the past. Every human being unites in him-
self the blood of thousands of ancestors, stretch-
ing back through thousands of years, superim-
posed upon a prehuman inheritance of still greater
antiquity, and the face and body of every living
man offer an intricate mass of hieroglyphs that
science will some day learn to read and interpret.

We shall use the foregoing main unit characters
as the basis of our definition of race, and shall
later call attention to such temperamental and
spiritual traits as seem to be associated with dis-
tinct physical types.

We shall only discuss European populations and
shall not deal with those quarters of the globe
where the races of man are such that other
physical characters must be called upon to pro-
vide clear definitions.

.A fascinating subject would open up if we were

32 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

to dwell upon the effect of racial combinations
and disharmonies, as, for instance, where the
mixed Nordic and Alpine populations of Lom-
bardy retain the skull shape, hair color, and stature
of the Alpine race, with the light eye color of the
Nordic race, or where the mountain populations
along the east coast of the Adriatic from the Tyrol
to Albania have the stature of the Nordic race and
an Alpine skull and coloration.

Ill

RACE AND HABITAT

The laws which govern the distribution of the
various races of man and their evolution through
selection are substantially the same as those con-
trolling the evolution and distribution of the
larger mammals.

Man, however, with his superior mentality, has
freed himself from many of the elements which
impose restraint upon the expansion of animals.
In his case selection through disease and social
and economic competition has replaced selection
through adjustment to the limitations of food
supply.

Man is the most cosmopolitan of animals, and in
one form or another thrives in the tropics and in
the arctics, at sea level and on high plateaux, in
the desert and in the reeking iorests of the equa-
tor. Nevertheless, the various races of Europe
with which we deal in this book have, each of
them, a certain natural habitat in which each
achieves its highest development.

The Nordic Habitat

The Nordics appear in their present centre of
distribution, the basin of the Baltic, at the close

33

34 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

of the Paleolithic, as soon as the retreating glaciers
left habitable land. This race was probably at
that time in possession of its fundamental charac-
ters, and its extension in the Teutonic group from
the plains of Russia to Scandinavia was not in the
nature of a radical change of environment. The
race in consequence is now and always has been,
probably always will be, adjusted to certain en-
vironmental conditions, chief of which is protection
from a tropical sun. The actinic rays of the sun
at the same latitude are uniform in strength the
world over, and continuous sunlight affects ad-
versely the delicate nervous organization of the
Nordics. The fogs and long winter nights of the
North serve as a protection from too much sun,
and from its too direct rays.

Scarcely less important is the presence of a
large amount of moisture, but above all a consta^
variety of temperature is needed. Sharp contrast
between night and day temperature, and between
summer and winter are necessary to maintain the
vigor of the blond race at a high pitch. Uniform
weather, if long continued, lessens its energy. Too
great extremes, as in midwinter or midsummer in
New England, are injurious. Limited but con-
stant alternations of heat and cold, of moisture
and dryness, of sun and clouds, of calm and cy-
clonic storms, offer the ideal surroundings for the
Nordic race.

RACE AND HABITAT

35

Men of the Nordic ince may not enjoy the
fogs and snows of the North, the endless changes
of weather, and the violent fluctuations of the
thermometer, and they may seek the sunny south-
ern isles, but under the former conditions they
flourish, do their work, and raise their families.
In the south they grow listless and cease to
breed.

In the lower classes the increasing proportion
of poor whites and “crackers” are symptoms of
lack of climatic adjustment. The whites in Geor-
gia, the Bahamas, and above all the Barbadoes
are excellent examples of the deleterious effects
of residence outside the natural habitat of the
Nordic race.

The poor whites of the Cumberland Mountains
in Kentucky and Tennessee present a more dif-
ficult problem, because here the altitude, even
though small, should modify the effects of lati-
tude, and the climate of these mountains cannot
be particularly unfavorable to men of Nordic
breed. There are probably other hereditary forces
at work here as yet little understood.

No doubt bad food and economic conditions,
prolonged inbreeding, and the loss through emigra-
tion of the best elements have played a large
part in the degeneration of these poor whites.
They represent to a large extent the offspring of
boud servants brought over by the rich planters in

36 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

early Colonial times. Their names indicate that,
many of them are the descendants of the old bor-
derers along the Scotch and English frontier, and
the persistence with which family feuds are main-
tained certainly points to such an origin. The
physical type is typically Nordic, for the most
part pure Saxon or Anglian, and the whole moxmtain
population show somewhat aberrant but very pro-
nounced physical, moral, and mental characteristics
which would repay scientific investigation. The
problem is too complex to be disposed of by ref-
erence to the hookworm, illiteracy, or competition
with negroes.

This type played a very large part in the settle-
ment of the Middle West, by way of Kentucky,
Tennessee, and Missouri. Thence they passed
both up the Missouri River and down the Santa
Fe trail, and contributed rather more than their
share of the train robbers, horse thieves, and bad
men of the West.

Scotland and the Bahamas are inhabited by
men of precisely the same race, but the vigor of
the English in the Bahamas is gone, and the beauty
of their women has faded. The fact that they
were not in competition with an autochthonous
race better adjusted to climatic conditions has
enabled them to survive, but the type could not
have persisted, even during the last two hundred
years, if they had been compelled to compete on

RACE AND HABITAT

37

terms of equality with a native and acclimated
population.

Another element entering into racial degenera-
tion on many other islands, and for that matter
in many New England villages, is the loss through
emigration of the more vigorous and energetic
individuals, leaving behind the less efficient to
continue the race at home.

In subtropical countries, when the energy of
the Nordics is at a low ebb, it would appear that
the racial inheritance of physical strength and
mental vigor were suppressed and recessive rather
than destroyed. Many individuals who were bom
in unfavorable climatic surroundings, but who
move back to the original habitat of their race in
the north, recover their full quota of energy and
vigor. New York and other Northern cities have
many Southerners who are fully as efficient as pure
Northerners.

This blond race can exist outside of its native
environment as land owning aristocrats who are
not required to do manual labor in the fields under
a blazing sun. As such an aristocracy it continues
to exist under Italian skies, but as a field laborer
the man of Nordic blood could not compete with
his Alpine or Mediterranean rival. It is not to
be supposed that the Teutonic armies which for
a thousand years after the fall of Rome poured
down from the Alps like the glaciers to melt in

38 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

the southern sun, were composed solely of knights
and gentlemen who became the landed nobility
of Italy. The man in the ranks also took up his
land and work in Italy, but he had to compete
directly with the native under climatic conditions
which were unfavorable to his race. In this com-
petition the blue eyed Nordic giant died, and the
native survived. His officer, however, lived in
the castle and directed the labor of his bondsmen
without other preoccupation than the chase and
war, and he long maintained his vigor.

The same thing happened in our South before
the Civil War. There the white men did not
work in the fields or in the factory. The heavy
work under the blazing sun was performed by
negro slaves, and the planter was spared ex-
posure to an unfavorable environment. Under
these conditions he was able to retain much of
his vigor. When slavery was abolished, and the
white man had to plough his own fields or work
in the factory, deterioration began.

The change in the type of men who are now
sent by the Southern States to represent them in
the Federal Government from their predecessors
in ante-bellum times is partly due to these causes,
but in a greater degree it is to be attributed to
the fact that a very large portion of the best racial
strains in the South were killed off during the
Civil War. In addition the war shattered ■ the

RACE AND HABITAT

39

aristocratic traditions which formerly secured the
selection of the best men as rulers. The new
democratic ideals with universal suffrage in free
operation among the whites result in the choice of
representatives who lack the distinction and ability
of the leaders of the Oid South.

A race may be thoroughly adjusted to a cer-
tain coimtry at one stage of its development and
be at a disadvantage when an economic change
occurs, such as was experienced in England a cen-
tury ago when the nation changed from an agri-
cultural to a manufacturing community. The tj^jc
of man that flourishes in the fields is not the type
of man that thrives in the factory, just as the
type of man required for the crew of a sailing
ship is not the type useful as stokers on a modern
steamer.

The Habitat of the Alpines and
Mediterraneans

The environment of the Alpine race seems to
have always been the mountainous country of
central and eastern Europe, as well as western
Asia. This type has never flourished in the deserts
of Arabia or the Sahara, nor has it succeeded in
maintaining its colonies in the north of Europe
within the domain of the Nordic long heads. It
is, however, a sturdy and persistent stock, and,
while- much of it may not be overrefined or cul-

40 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

tured, undoubtedly possesses great potentialities
for future development.

The Alpines in the west of Europe, especially
in Switzerland and the districts immediately sur-
rounding, have been so thoroughly Nordicized,
and so saturated with the culture of the adjoin-
ing nations, that they stand in sharp contrast to
backward Alpines of Slavic speech in the Balkans
and east of Europe.

The Mediterranean race, on the other hand, is
clearly a southern type with eastern affinities.
It is a type that did not flourish in the north of
Europe under old agricultural conditions, nor is
it suitable to the farming districts and frontiers
of America and Canada. It is adjusted to sub-
tropical and tropical countries better than any
other European type, and will flourish in our
Southern States and around the coasts of the Span-
ish Main. In France it is well known that mem-
bers of the Mediterranean race are better adapted
for colonization in Algeria than are French Alpines
or Nordics. This subspecies of man is notoriously
intolerant of extreme cold, owing to its sensibility
to diseases of the lungs, and it shrinks from the
blasts of the northern winter in which the Nor-
dics revel.

The brunet Mediterranean element in the native
American seems to be increasing at the expense of
the blond Nordic element generally throughout the

RACE AND HABITAT

41

Southern States, and probably ako in the large
cities. This type of man, however, is scarce on
our frontiers. In the Northwest, and in Alaska in
the days of the gold rush, it was in the raining
camps a matter of comment if a man turned up
with dark eyes, so universal were blue and gray
eyes among the American pioneers.

IV

THE COMPETITION OF RACES

Where two races occupy a country side by side,
it is not correct to speak of one type as changing
into the other. Even if present in equal numbers
one of the two contrasted types will have some
small advantage or capacity which the other
lacks toward a perfect adjustment to surround-
ings. Those possessing these favorable variations
will flourish at the expense of their rivals, and
their offspring will not only be more numerous,
but will also tend to inherit such variations. In
this way one type gradually breeds the other out.
In this sense, and in this sense only, do races
change.

Man continuously undergoes selection through
social environment. Among native Americans of
the Colonial period a large family was an asset,
and social pressure and economic advantage both
counselled early marriage and numerous chil-
dren. Two hundred years of continuous political
expansion and material prosperity changed these
conditions and children, instead of being an asset
to till the fields and guard the cattle, became an
expensive liability. They now require support,

42

THE COMPETITION. OF RACES

43

education,' and endowment from their parents, and
a large family is regarded by some as a serious
handicap in the social struggle.

These conditions do iiot obtain at first among
immigrants, and large families among the newly
arrived population are still the rule, precisely as
they were in Colonial America, and are to-day in
French Canada, where backwoods conditions still
prevail.

The result is that one class or tvpe in a popula-
tion expands more rapidly than another, and ul-
timately replaces it. This process of replacement
of one type by another does not mean that the
race changes, or is transformed into another. It
is a replacement pure and simple and not a trans-
formation.

The lowering of the birth rate among the most
valuable classes, while the birth rate of the lower
classes remains unaffected, is a frequent phe-
nomenon of prosperity. Such a change becomes
extremely injurious to the race if unchecked, unless
nature is allowed to maintain by her own cruel
devices the relative numbers of the different classes
in their due proportions. To attack race suicide
by encouraging indiscriminate breeding is not only
futile, but is dangerous if it leads to an increase in
the undesirable elements. What is needed in the
community most of all, is an increase in the desir-
able classes, which are of superior type physically,

44 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

intellectually, and morally, and not merely an in-
crease in the absolute numbers of the population.

The value and efficiency of a population are not
numbered by what the newspapers call souls, but
by the proportion of men of physical and intel-
lectual vigor. The small Colonial population of
America was, man for man, far superior to the
average of the present inhabitants, although the
latter are twenty-five times more numerous. The
ideal in eugenics toward which statesmanship should
be directed, is, of course, improvement in quality
rather than quantity. This, however, is at present
a counsel of perfection, and we must face condi-
tions as they are.

The small birth rate in the upper classes is, to
some extent, offset by the care received by such
children as are born, and the better chance they
have to become adult and breed in their turn. The
large birth rate of the lower classes is, under nor-
mal conditions, offset by a heavy infant mortality,
which eliminates the weaker children.

Where altruism, philanthropy, or sentimentalism
intervene with the noblest purpose, and forbid na-
ture to penalize the unfortunate victims of reckless
breeding, the multiplication of inferior types is
encouraged and fostered. Efforts to indiscrimi-
nately preserve babies among the lower classes
often result in serious injury to the race.

Mistaken regard for what are believed to be

THE COMPETITION OF RACES

45

divine laws and a sentimen< al belief in the sanctity
of human life, tend to prevent both the elimination
of defective infants and the sterilization of such
adults as are themselves of no value to the com-
munity. The laws of nature require the oblitera-
tion of the unfit, and human life is valuable only
when it is of use to the community or race.

It is highly unjust that a minute minority should
be called upon to supply brains for the unthinking
mass of the community, but it is even worse to bur-
den the responsible and larger, but still overworked,
elements in the community with an ever increasing
number of moral perverts, mental defectives, and
hereditary cripples.

The church assumes a serious responsibility
toward the future of the race whenever it steps in
and preserves a defective strain. The marriage of
deaf mutes was hailed a generation ago as a tri-
umph of humanit)^ Now it is recognized as an
absolute crime against the race. A great injury is
done to the community by the perpetuation of
worthless types. These strains are apt to be meek
and lowly, and as such make a strong appeal to
the sympathies of the successful. Before eugenics
were understood much could be said from a Chris-
tian and humane view-point in favor of indiscrimi-
nate charity for the benefit of the individual. The
societies for charity, altruism, or extension of
rights, should have, however, in these days, in their

46 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

management some small modicum of brains, other-
wise they may continue to do, as they have some-
times done in the past, more injury to the race than
black death or smallpox.

As long as such charitable organizations confine
themselves to the relief of suffering individuals,
no matter how criminal or diseased they may be,
no harm is done except to our own generation, and
if modem society recognizes a duty to the humblest
malefactors or imbeciles, that duty can be harm-
lessly performed in full, provided they be deprived
of the capacity to procreate their defective strain.

Those who read these pages will feel that there
is little hope for humanity, but the remedy has been
found, and can be quickly and mercifully applied.
A rigid system of selection through the elimina-
tion of those who are weak or unfit — in other words,
social failures — would solve the whole question in
one hundred years, as well as enable us to get rid
of the undesirables who crowd our jails, hospitals,
and insane asylums. The individual himself can
be nourished, educated, and protected by the com-
munity during his lifetime, but the state through
sterilization must see to it that his line stops with
him, or else future generations will be cursed with
an ever increasing load of victims of misguided sen-
timentalism. This is a practical, merciful, and in-
evitable solution of the whole problem, and can be
applied to an ever widening circle of social . dis-

THE COMPETITION OF RACES

47

cards, beginning always with the criminal, the dis-
eased, and the insane, and extending gradually to
types which may be called weaklings rather than
defectives, and perhaps ultimately to worthless
race types.

Efforts to increase the birth rate of the genius
producing classes of the community, while most
desirable, encounter great difl&culties. In such
efforts we encoimter social conditions over which
we have as yet no control. It was tried two thou-
sand years ago by Augustus, and his efforts to
avert race suicide and the extinction of the old Ro-
man breed were singularly prophetic of what some
far seeing men are attempting in order to preserve
the race of native Americans of Colonial descent.

Man has the choice of two methods of race im-
provement. He can breed from the best, or he can
eliminate the worst by segregation or sterilization.
The first method was adopted by the Spartans,
who had for their national ideals, military effici-
ency and the virtues of self cont.'ol, and along these
lines the results were completely successful. Under
modem social conditions it would be extremely
dif&cult in the first instance to determine which
were the most desirable types, except in the most
general way, and even if a satisfactory selection
were finally made, it would be, in a democracy, a
virtual impossibility to limit by law the right to
breed to a privileged and chosen few.

48 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

Experiments in limiting breeding to the unde-
sirable classes were unconsciously made in medi-
aeval Europe under the guidance of the church.
After the fall of Rome, social conditions were such
that all those who loved a studious and quiet life,
were compelled to seek refuge from the violence of
the times in monastic institutions, and upon such
the church imposed the obligation of celibacy, and
thus deprived the world of offspring from these
desirable classes.

In the Middle Ages, through persecution result-
ing in actual death, life imprisonment, and banish-
ment, the free thinking, progressive, and intellec-
tual elements were persistently eliminated over
large areas, leaving the perpetuation of the race to
be carried on by the brutal, the servile, and the
stupid. It is now impossible to say to what ex-
tent the Roman Church by these methods has im-
paired the brain capacity of Europe, but in Spain
alone, for a period of over three centuries, from the
year 1471 to 1781, the Inquisition condemned to the
stake or imprisonment an average of 1,000 persons
annually. During these three centuries no less
than 32,000 were burned alive, and 291,000 were
condemned to various terms of imprisonment and
other penalties, and 7,000 persons were burned in
effigy, representing men who had died in prison or
had fled the country.

No better method of eliminating the genius pro-

THE COMPETITION OF EACES

49

ducing strains of a nation could bo devised, and
if such were its purpose the result was eminently
satisfactory, as is demonstrated by the superstitious
and unintelligent Spaniard of to-day. A similar
elimination of brains and ability took place in
northern Italy and in France, and in the Low
Coimtries, where hundreds of thousands of Hugue-
nots were murdered or driven into exile.

Under existing conditions the most practical
and hopeful method of race improvement is through
the elimination of the least desirable elements in
the nation by depriving them of the power to con-
tribute to future generations. It is well known to
stock breeders that the color of a herd of cattle can
be modified by continuous elimination of worth-
less shades, and of course this is true of other char-
acters. Black sheep, for instance, have been prac-
tically destroyed by cutting out generation after
generation all animals that show this color phase,
until in carefully maintained flocks a black indi-
vidual only appears as a rare spcrt.

In mankind it would not be a matter of great
difficulty to secure a general consensus of public
opinion as to the least desirable, let us say, ten per
cent of the community. When this unemployed
and unemployable human residuum has been elimi-
nated, together with the great mass of crime, pov-
erty, alcoholism, and feeblemindedness associated
therewith, it would be easy to consider the advis-

so RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

ability of further restricting the perpetuation of
the then remaining least valuable types. By this
method mankind might ultimately become suffi-
ciently intelligent to deliberately choose the most
vital and intellectual strains to carry on the race.

In addition to selection by climatic environ-
ment, man is now, and has been for ages, under-
going selection through disease. He has been deci-
mated throughout the centuries by pestilences such
as the black death and bubonic plague. In our
fathers’ days yellow fever and smallpox cursed
humanity. These plagues are now under control,
but similar diseases, now regarded as mere nui-
sances to childhood, such as measles, mumps, and
scarlatina, are terrible scourges to native popula-
tions without previous experience with them. Add
to these smallpox and other white men’s diseases,
and one has the great empire builders of yester-
day. It was not the swords in the hands of
Columbus and his followers that decimated the
American Indians, it was the germs that his men
and their successors brought over, implanting the
white man’s maladies in the red man’s world.
Long before the arrival of the Puritans in New
England, smallpox had flickered up and down the
coast until the natives were but a broken remnant
of their former numbers.

At the present time the Nordic race is under-
going selection through alcoholism, a peculiarly

THE COMPETITION OF RACES 51

Nordic vice, and through consumption, and both
these dread scourges unfortunately attack those
members of the race that are otherwise most de-
sirable, differing in this respect from filth diseases
like typhus, t3^hoid, or smallpox. One has only
to look among the more desirable classes for the
victims of rum and tubercule to realize that
death or mental and physical impairment through
these two causes have cost the race many of its
most brilliant and attractive members.

V

RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

Nationality is an artificial political grouping
of population, usually centering around a single
language as an expression of traditions and aspira-
tions. Nationality can, however, exist indepen-
dently of language, but states thus formed, such as
Belgium or Austria, are far less stable than those
where a uniform language is prevalent, as, for ex-
ample, France or England.

States without a single national language are
constantly exposed to disintegration, especially
where a substantial minority of the inhabitants
speak a tongue which is predominant in an ad-
joining state with, as a consequence, a tendency to
gravitate toward such state.

The history of the last century in Europe has
been the record of a long series of struggles to unite
in one political unit all those speaking the same,
or closely allied, dialects. With the exception of
internal and social revolutions, every^ European
war since the Napoleonic period has been caused
by the effort to bring about the unification either
of Italy or of Germany, or by the desperate at-
tempts of the Balkan States to struggle out of

52

RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY 53

Turkish t-haos into modern European nations on a
basis of community of language. Ihe unification
of both Italy and Germany is as yet incomplete, ac-
cording to the views held by their more advanced
patriots, and the solution of the Balkan question
is still in the future.

Men are keenly aware of their nationality and
are very sensitive about their language, but cnly
in a few cases, notably in Sweden and Germany,
does any large section of the population possess
anything analogous to true race consciousness, al-
though the term “race” is everywhere misused to
designate linguistic or political groups.

It sometimes happens that a section of the pop-
ulation of a large nation gathers around language,
reinforced by religion, as an expression of individu-
ality. The struggle between the French-speaking
Alpine Walloons and the Nordic Flemings of Low
Dutch tongue in Belgium is an example of two
competing languages in an artificial nation which
was formed originally around religion. On the
other hand, the Irish National movement centers
chiefly around religion, reinforced by myths of
ancient grandeur. The French Canadians and
the Poles use both religion and language to hold
together what they consider a political unit. None
of these so-called nationalities are founded on race.

During the past century alongside of the ten-
dency to form imperial or large national groups.

54 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

such as the Pan-Germanic, Pan-Slavic, Pan-Ru-
manian or Italia Irredenta movements, there has
appeared a counter movement on the part of small
disintegrating “nationalities” to reassert them-
selves, such as the Bohemian, Bulgar, Serb, Irish,
and Egyptian national revivals. The upheaval is
usually caused, as in the cases of the Irish and the
Serbians, by delusions of former greatness now be-
come national obsessions, but sometimes it means
the resistance of a small group of higher culture to
absorption by a lower civilization.

Examples of a high type threatened by a lower
culture are afforded by the Finlanders, who are try-
ing to escape the dire fate of their neighbors across
the Gulf of Finland — the Russification of the Ger-
mans and Swedes of the Baltic Provinces — and by
the struggle of the Danes of Schleswig to escape
Germanization. The Armenians, too, have re-
sisted stoutly the pressure of Islam to force them
away from their ancient Christian faith. This
people really represents the last outpost of Eu-
rope toward the Mohammedan East and consti-
tutes the best remaining medium through which
Western ideals and culture can be introduced into
Asia.

In these as in other cases, the process of absorp-
tion from the view-point of the world at large is
good or evil exactly in proportion to the relative
value of the culture and race of the two groups.

RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY 55

The world woxild be no richer in civilization with
an independent Bohemia or an enlarged Rumania,
but, on the contrary, sn independent Hungarian na-
tion or an enlarged Greece would add greatly to the
forces that make for good government and prog
ress. An independent Ireland worked out on a
Tammany model is not a pleasing prospect. A
free Poland, apart from its value as a buffer state,
would be actually a step backward. Poland was
once great, but the elements that made it so are
dead and gone, and to-day Poland is a geographi-
cal expression and nothing more.

The prevailing lack of true race consciousness
is probably due to the fact that every important
nation in Europe, as at present organized, with the
sole exception of the Iberian and Scandinavian
states, possesses in large proportions representa-
tives of at least two of the fundamental European
subspecies of man and of all manner of crosses be-
tween them. In France to-day, as in Caesar’s
Gaul, the three races divide the nation in almost
equal proportions.

In the future, however, with an increased knowl-
edge of the correct definition of true human species
and types, and with a recognition of the immuta-
bility of fundamental racial characters, and of the
results of mixed breeding, far more value will be
attached to racial in contrast to national or lin-
guistic affinities. In marital relations the con-

56 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

sciousness of race will also play a much larger part
than at present, although in the social sphere we
shall have to contend with a certain strange attrac-
tion for contrasted types. When it becomes thor-
oughly understood that the children of mixed mar-
riages between contrasted races belong to the lower
type, the importance of transmitting in unim-
paired purity the blood inheritance of ages will be
appreciated at its full value, and to bring half-
breeds into the world will be regarded as a social
and racial crime of the first magnitude. The laws
against miscegenation must be greatly extended
if the higher races are to be maintained.

The language that a man speaks may be noth-
ing more than evidence that at some time in the
past his race has been in contact, either as con-
queror or as conquered, with the original posses-
sors of such language. One has only to consider
the spread of the language of Rome over the vast
extent of her empire, to realize how few of those
who to-day speak Romance languages derive any
portion of their blood from the pure Latin stock,
and the error of talking about a “Latin race” be-
comes evident.

There is, however, such a thing as a large group
of nations which have a mutual understanding and
sympathy, based on the possession of a common
or closely related group of languages and the cul-
ture of which it is the medium. This group may be

RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY 57

called Uie “Latin nations,” but never the “Latin
race.”

“Latin America” is a still greater misnomer
as the great mass of the populations of South
and Central America is not even European, and
still less “Latin,” being overwhelmingly of Amer-
indian blood.

In the Teutonic group a large majority of those
who speak Teutonic languages, as the English,
Flemings, Dutch, North Germans, and Scandina-
vians, are descended from the Nordic race, and
the dominant class in Europe is everywhere of
that blood.

As to the so-called “Celtic race,” the fantastic
inapplicability of the term is at once apparent
when we consider that those populations on the bor-
ders of the Atlantic Ocean, who to-day speak Cel-
tic dialects, are divided into three groups, each one
showing in great purity the characters of one of the
three entirely distinct human subspecies found in
Europe. To class together the Breton peasant with
his round Alpine skull; the little, long skuU, brunet
Welshman of the Mediterranean race, and the
tall, blond, light eyed Scottish Highlander of pure
Nordic race, in a single group labelled “Celtic,”
is obviously impossible. These peoples have nei-
ther physical, mental, nor cultural characteristics
in common. If one be “Celtic” blood the other
two clearly arc not.

S8 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

There was a people who were the original users
of the Celtic language, and they formed the west-
ern vanguard of the Nordic race, which was spread
all over central and western Europe, prior to the
irruption of the Teutonic tribes. The descendants
of these “Celts” must be sought to-day among
those having the characters of the Nordic race and
not elsewhere.

In England the little, dark Mediterranean Welsh-
man talks about being Celtic quite unconscious
that he is the residuum of Pre-Nordic races of im-
mense antiquity. If the Celts are Mediterranean
in race, then they are absent from central Europe,
and we must regard as “Celts” all the Berbers
and Egyptians, as well as many Persians and Hin-
dus.

In France some enthusiasts regard the Breton
of Alpine blood in the same light, and ignore his
Asiatic origin. If these Alpine Bretons are “ Celts”
then there is not in the British Isles any substantial
trace of their blood, as round skulls are practically
absent there, and all the blond elements in England,
Scotland, and Ireland must be attributed to the
historic Teutonic invasions. Furthermore we must
call all the continental Alpines “Celts,” and must
also include all Slavs, Armenians, and other brachy-
cephs of western Asia within that designation,
which would be obviously grotesque. The fact
that the original Celts left behind their speech on
the tongues of Mediterraneans in Wales, and of

RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY 59

Alpines in Brittany, must not mislead us, as it in-
dicates nothing more than that Celtic speech ante-
dates the Teutons in England and the Romans in
France. We must once and for all time discard
the name “Celt” for any existing race whatever,
and speak only of “Celtic” language and culture.

In Ireland the big, blond Nordic Danes, claim
the honor of the name of “Celt,” if honor it be,
but the Irish are fully as Nordic as the English,
the great mass of them being of Danish, Norse, and
Anglo-Norman blood, in addition to earlier and Pre-
Teutonic elements. We are aU familiar with the
blond and the brunet type of Irishman. These
represent precisely the same racial elements as
those which enter into the composition of the
English, namely, the tall Nordic blond and the
little Mediterranean brunet. The Irish are conse-
quently not entitled to independent national exis-
tence on the ground of race, but if there is any
ground for a political separation from England, it
must rest, like that of Belgium, on religion, a
basis for political combinations now happily obso-
lete in communities well advanced in culture.

In the case of the so-called ‘Slavic race,” there
is much more unity between racial type and lan-
guage. It is true that in most Slavic-speaking
countries the predominant race is clearly Alpine,
except perhaps in Russia where there is a very
large substratum of Nordic type — the so-called Fin-
nic* element, which may be considered as Proto-

6o RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

Nordic. The objection which is made to the iden-
tification of the Slavic race with the Alpine type
rests chiefly on the fact that a very large portion
of the Alpine race is German-speaking in Germany,
Italian-speaking in Italy, and French-speaking in
central France. Moreover, large portions of Ru-
mania are of exactly the same racial complexion.

Many of the Greeks are also Alpines; in fact,
are little more than Byzantinized Slavs. It was
through the Byzantine Empire, that the Slavs first
came in contact with the Mediterranean world, and
through this Greek medium the Russians, the Ser-
bians, the Rumanians, and the Bulgars received
their Christianity.

Situated on the eastern marches of Europe the
Slavs were submerged during long periods in the
Middle Ages by Mongolian hordes, and were
checked in development and warped in culture.
Definite traces remain of the blood of the Mongols
in both isolated and compact groups in south Russia,
and scattered throughout the whole country as far
west as the German boundary. The high tide of
the Mongol invasion was during the thirteenth
century. Three hundred years later the great Mus-
covite expansion began, first over the steppes to
the Urals, and then across Siberian tundras and
forests to the waters of the Pacific, taking up in its
course much Mongolian blood, especially during
the early stages of its advance.

RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY 6i

The term “Caucasian race” has ceased to have
any meaning except where it is used, in the
United States, to contrast white populations with
negroes or Indians, or, in the Old World, with Mon-
gols. It is, however, a convenient term to include
the three European subspecies when considered as
divisions of one of the primary branches or sub-
genera of mankind. At best it is a cumbersome
and archaic designation. The name “Caucasian”
arose a century ago from a false assumption that
the cradle of the blond Europeans was in the Cau-
casus, where there are now found no traces of any
such race, except a small and decreasing minority
of blond traits among the Ossetes, a tribe whose
Aryan speech is related to that of the Armenians,
and who, while mainly brachycephalic, still retain
some blond and dolichocephalic elements which are
apparently fading fast. The Ossetes have now
aboi’.t thirty per cent fair eyes and ten per cent fair
hair. They are supposed to be, to some extent, a
remnant of the Alans, a Teutonic tribe closely
related to the Goths. Both Alans and Goths very
early in our era occupied southern Russia, and were
the latest known Nordics in the vicinity of the
Caucasus Mountains. If these Ossetes are not
partly of Alan origin they may possibly represent
the last lingering trace of early Scythian dolicho-
cephalic blondness.

The phrase “Indo-European race” is also of little

62 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

use. If it has any meaning at all it must include
all the three European races as well as members
of the Mediterranean race in Persia and India.

.The use of this name also involves a false assump-
tion of blood relationship between the main Euro-
pean popula tions and the Hindus, because of their
possession in common of Aryan speech.

] The name “Aryan race ” must also be frankly dis-
carded as a term of racial significance. It is to-d^
purely linguisti c, although there was at one time,
oTcourse, anTldentity between the original Aryan
mother tongue and the race that first spoke and
developed it. In short there is not now, and there
never was either a Caucasian or an Indo-European
/race,^u^here was on ce, thousands of years ago, an
I Aryan race'nowTong since van ished into dim mem -^
^^nes of t he past . If used in a racial sense other
than as above it should be limited to the Nordic
invaders of Hindustan now long extinct. The grea t
lapse of ti me since the disa ppe arance of th e an-
cient Ary an race as_such,^ is measured by the ex-
treme disintegr ation of the various grou^ oTA^'a^
I languages. These linguistic divergences are chiefly
due to the imposition by conquest of Aryan speech

upon several unrelated subspecies of man through-
out western Asia and Europe.

VI

RACE AND LANGUAGE

WhjEN a country is invaded and conquered by a
race speaking a foreign language, one of ceveral
things may happen, replacement of both popu-
lation and language, as in the case of eastern
England when conquered by the Saxons; or adop-
tion of the language of the victors by the natives,
as happened in Roman Gaul, where the invaders
imposed their Latin tongue throughout the land,
without substantially altering the race.

In England and Scotland later conquerors,
Danes and Normans, failed to change the Saxon
speech of the country, and in Gaul the German
toiigue of the Franks, Burgundians, and Northmen
could not displace the language of Rome.

Autochthonous inhabitants frequently impose
upon their invaders their own language and cus-
toms. In Normandy the conquering Norse pi-
rates accepted the language, religion, and customs
of the natives, and in a century they vanish from
history as Scandinavian heathen and appear as the
foremost representatives of the speech and religion
of Rome,

In Hindustan the blond Nordic invaders forced

63

64 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

their Aryan language on the aborigines, but their
blood was quickly and utterly absorbed in the
darker strains of the original owners of the land.
A record of the desperate efforts of the conquering
upper classes in India to preserve the purity of
their blood persists until this very day in their care-
fully regulated system of castes. In our Southern
States Jim Crow cars and social discriminations
have exactly the same purpose and justification.

The Hindu to-day speaks a very ancient form of
Aryan language, but there remains not one recog-
nizable trace of the blood of the white conquerors
who poured in through the passes of the North-
west. The boast of the modern Indian that he is
of the same race as his English ruler, is entirely
without basis in fact, and the little dark native
lives amid the monuments of a departed grandeur,
professing the religion and speaking the tongue of
his long forgotten Nordic conquerors, without the
slightest claim to blood kinship. The dim and un-
certain traces of Nordic blood in northern India
only serve to emphasize the utter swamping of the
white man in the burning South.

The power of racial resistance of a dense and
thoroughly acclimated population to an incoming
army, is very great. No ethnic conquest can be
complete unless the natives are exterminated and
the invaders bring their own women with them.
If the conquerors are obliged to depend upon the
women of the vanquished to carry on the race.

RACE AND language 6$

the intrusive blood strain in a short time becomes
diluted beyond recognition.

It sometimes happens that an infiltration of pop«
ulation takes place either in the guise of unwilling
slaves, or of willing immigrants, filling up waste
places and taking to the lowly tasks which the
lords of the land despise, gradually occupying the
country and literallj/^ breeding out their former
masters.

The former catastrophe happened in the declim
ing days of Rome, and the south Italians of to-day
are very largely descendants of nondescript slaves
of all races, chiefly from the southern and eastern
coasts of the Mediterranean, who were imported
by the Romans under the Empire to work their
vast estates. The latter is occurring to-day in many
j)arts of xAmcrica, especially in New England.

The eastern half of Germany has a Slavic Al-
[)ine substratum which now represents the de-
scendants of the Wends, who by the sixth century
had filtered in as far west as tiic Elbe, occupying
the lands left vacant by the Teutonic tribes which
had migrated southward. These Wends in turn
were Teutonized by a return wave of military con-
quest from the tenth century onward, and to-day
their descendants are considered Germans in good
standing. Having adopted the German as their
sole tongue they are now in religious, political, and
cultural sympathy with the pure Teutons; in fact,
they are quite unconscious of any racial distinction.

66 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

This historic fact underlies the ferocious contro-
versy which has been raised over the ethnic origin
of the Prussians, the issue being whether the popu-
lations in Brandenburg, Silesia, Posen, and othir
districts in eastern Germany, are Alpine Wends or
true Nordic Germans. The truth is that the dom-
inant half of the population is purely Teutonic
and the lower half of the population are merely
Teutonized Wends and Poles of Alpine affinities.
Of course these territories must also retain some
of their early Teutonic population, and the blood
of the Goth, Burgund, Vandal, and Lombard, who
were at the commencement of our era located
there, as well as the later Saxon element, must
enter largely into the composition of the Prussian
of to-day.

The most important communities in continental
Europe of pure German type are to be found in
old Saxony, the country around Hanover, and this
element prevails generally in the northwestern part
of the German Empire among the Low Dutch-
speaking population, while the High German-speak-
ing population is largely composed of Teutonized
Alpines.

^ All the states involved in the present world war
have sent to the front their fighting Nordic ele-
ment, and the loss of life now going on in Europe
will fall much more heavily on the blond giant than
on the little brunet.

RACE AND LANGUAGE

67

As in all wars since Roman times, from a breeding
^oint of vieW ' the little dark man is the final win-
ner. No one who saw one of our regiments march
on its way to the Spanish War could fail to be im-
pressed with the size and blonduess of the men in
the ranks as contrasted with the complacent citi-
zen, who from his safe stand on the gutter curb
gave his applause to the fighting man, and then
stayed home to perpetuate his own brunet type.

This same Nordic element, everywhere the type
of the sailor, the soldier, the adventurer, and the
pioneer, was ever the type to migrate to new coun-
tries, until the ease of transportation and the de-
sire to escape military service in the last forty years
reversed the immigrant tide. In consequence of
this change our immigrants now largely represent
lowly refugees from “persecution” and other social
discards.

In most cases the blood of pioneers has been lost
to their race. They did not takcTEeir women with
them. They either died childless or left half-
breeds behind them. The virile blood of the Span-
ish conquistadores, who are now little more than a
memory in Central and South America, died out
from these causes.

This was also true in the early days of our
Western frontiersmen, who individually were a far
finer type than the settlers who followed them.

VII

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES

For reasons already set forth there are few com-
munities outside of Europe of pure European blood.
The racial destiny of Mexico and of the islands and
coasts of the Spanish Main is clear. The white man
is being rapidly bred out by negroes on the islands
and by Indians on the mainland. It is quite evi-
dent that the West Indies, the coast region of our
Gulf States, and perhaps the black belt of the lower
Mississippi Valley, must be abandoned to negroes.
This transformation is already complete in Haiti,
and is going rapidly forward in Cuba and Jamaica.
Mexico and the northern part of South America
must also be given over to native Indians with
an ever thinning veneer of white culture of the
“Latin” type.

In Venezuela the pure whites number about one
per cent of the whole population, the balance being
Indians and various crosses between Indians, ne-
groes, and whites. In Jamaica the whites number
not more than two per cent, while the remainder are
negroes or mulattoes. In Mexico the proportion
is larger, but the unmixed whites number not

more than twenty per cent of the whole, the others

68

THE i-UROPEAN RACES IN COL'^NIES 69

being Indians pure or mixed. These latter are the
“greasers” of the American frontiersman.

Whenever the incentive to imitate the dominant
race is removed, the negro, or for that matter,
the Indian, reverts shortly to his ancestral grade
of culture. In other words, it is the individual
and not the race that is affected by religion, educa-
tion, and example. Negroes have demonstrated
throughout recorded time that they are a station-
ary species, and that they do not possess the poten-
tiality of progress or initiative from within. Prog-
ress from self-impulse must not be confounded with
mimicry or with progress imposed from without by
social pressure, or by the slavers’ lash.

Where two distinct species are located side by side
history and biology teach that but one of two things
can happen; either one race drives the other out, as
the Americans exterminated the Indians, or as the
negroes are now replacing the whites in various
parts of the South; or else they amalgamate and
form a population of race bastards in which the
lower type ultimately preponderates. This is a
disagreeable alternative with which to confront
sentimentalists, but nature is only concerned with
results and neither makes nor takes excuses The
chief failing of the day with some of our well mean-
ing philanthropists is their absolute refusal to face
inevitable facts, if such facts appear cruel.

In Argentine and south Brazil white blood of the

70 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

various European races is pouring in so rapidly that
a community preponderantly white, but of the
Mediterranean type, may grow up, but such lim-
ited opportunities as the writer has had to observe
Argentine types leads him to question the proba-
bility of such a result even there.

In Asia, with the sole exception of the Russian
settlements in Siberia, there can be and will be no
ethnic conquest, and all the white men in India ,
the East Indies, the Philippine s, an d China will
leave not the slightest trace behind them in the
Blood of the native population. After several cen-
turies of contact and settlement the pure Spanish
in the Philippines are about half of one per cent.
The Dutch in their East Indian islands are even
less; while the resident whites in Hindustan amount
^to about one- tenth of one per cent. Such numbers
are infinitesimal and of no force in a democracy,
but in a monarchy, if kept free from contamination,
they suffice for a ruling caste or a military aristoc-
racy.

Australia and New Zealand, whore the natives
have been exterminated by the whites, are develop-
ing into communities of pure Nordic blood, and
will for that reason play a large part in the future
history of the Pacific. The bitter opposition of the
Australians and Californians to the admission of
Chinese coolies and Japanese farmers is due pri-
marily to a blind but absolutely justified det^rmi-

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 71

nation to keep those lands as white man’s coun-
tries.

In Africa, south of the Sahara, the density of the
native population will prevent the establishment
of any purely white communities, except at the
southern extremity of the continent and possibly
on portions of the plateaux of eastern Africa.

, The stoppage of famines and wars and the rbo-
lition of the slave trade, while_dictated by the
noblesrimpuFses of Tiumanity, ^ suicidal to the
white m an. Upon the removal of these natural
checks negroes multiply so rapidly that there will
not be standing room on the continent for white
men, unless, perchance, the lethal sleeping sickness,
far more fatal to blacks than to whites, should run
its course unchecked.

In South Africa a community of Dutch and Eng-
lish extraction is developing. Here the only dif-
ference is one of language. English, being a world
tongue, will inevitably prevail over the Dutch pa-
tois called “Taal.” This Frisian dialect, as a mat-
ter of fact, is closer to old Saxon, or rather Kentish,
than any living continental tongue, and the blood
of the North Hollander is extremely close to that
of the Anglo-Saxon of England. The English and
the Dutch wUl merge in a common type just as
they did two hundred years ago in the colony of
New York. They must stand together if they are
to maintain any part of Africa as a white man’s

72 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

country, because they are confronted with the
menace of a large black Bantu population which
will drive out the whites unless the problem is
bravely faced.

The only possible solution is to establish large
colonies for the negroes and to allow them outside
of them only as laborers, and not as settlers. There
must be ultimately a black South Africa and a
white South Africa side by side, or else a pure
black Africa from the Cape to the cataracts of the
Nile.

In upper Canada, as in the United States up to
the time of our Civil War, the white population
was purely Nordic. The Dominion is, of course,
handicapped by the presence of an indigestible
mass of French- Canadians, largely from Brittany
and of Alpine origin, although the habitant patois
is an archaic Norman of the time of Louis XIV.
These Frenchmen were granted freedom of lan-
guage and religion by their conquerors, and are
now using these privileges to form separatist groups
in antagonism to the English population. The
Quebec Frenchmen will succeed in seriously im-
peding the progress of Canada and will succeed
even better in keeping themselves a poor and
ignorant community of little more importance to
the world at large than are the negroes in the South.
The selfishness of the Quebec Frenchmen is mea-
sured by the fact that in the present war they

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 73

will not fight for the British Empire, or for France,
or even for clerical Belgium, and they are now
endeavoring to make use of the military crisis to
secure a further extension of their ’‘nationalistic
ideals.”

Personally the waiter believes that the finest and
purest type of a Nordic community outside of Eu-
rope will develop in xiorthwcst Canada. Most
of the other countries in which the Nordic race is
now settling lie outside of the special environment
in which alone it can flourish.

The negroes of the United States, while station-
ary, were not a serious drag on civilization until,
in the last century, they were given the rights of citi-
zenship and were incorporated in the body politic.
These negroes brought with them no language or
religion or customs of their own which persisted,
but adopted all these elements of environment
from the dominant race, taking the names of their
masters just as to-day the German and Polish Jews
are assuming American names. They came for
the most part from the coasts of the Bight of
Benin, but some of the later ones came from the
southeast coast of Africa by way of Zanzibar.
They were of various black tribes, but have been
from the beginning saturated with white blood.

Looking at any group of negroes in America, it is
easy to see that while they are all essentially ne-
groes, whether coal black, brown, or yellow, the

74 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

great majority of them have varying amounts of
Nordic blood in them, which has modified their
physical structure without transforming them in
any way into white men. This miscegenation was,
of course, a frightful disgrace to the dominant
race, but its effect on the Nordics has been negligi-
ble, for the simple reason that it was confined to
white men crossing with negro women, and not the
reverse process, which would, of course, have re-
sulted in the infusion of negro blood into the Ameri-
can stock.

The United States of America must be regarded
racially as a European colony, and owing to cur-
rent ignorance of the physical bases of race, one
often hears the statement made that native Amer-
icans of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic
origin This is not true. At the time of the Rev-
olutionary War the settlers in the thirteen Colonies
were not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teu-
tonic, a very large majority being Anglo-Saxon
in the most limited meaning of that term. The
New England settlers in particular came from
those counties of England where the blood was
almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane.

New England, during Colonial times and long
afterward, was far more Teutonic than old Eng-
land; that is, it contained a smaller percentage of
small, Pre-Nordic brunets. Any one familiar with
the native New Englander knows the clean cut face.

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 75

the high stature and the prevalence of gray and blue
eyes and light brown hair, and recognizes that the
brunet element is less noticeable there than in the
South.

The Southern States were populated also by
Englishmen of the purest Nordic type, but there is
to-day, except among the mountains, an appreci-
ably larger amount of brunet types than in the
North. Virginia is in the same latitude as North
Africa, and south of this line no blonds have ever
been able to survive in full vigor, chiefly because
the actinic rays of the sun are the same regardless
of other climatic conditions. These rays beat
heavily on the Nordic race and disturb their ner-
vous system, wherever the white man ventures too
far from the cold and foggy North.

The remaining Colonial elements, the Holland
Dutch, the Palatine Germans, who came over in
small numbers to New York and Pennsylvania,
were also purely Teutonic, while the French Hugue-
nots who escaped to America were drawn much
more largely from the Nordic than from the Alpine
or Mediterranean elements of France. The Scotch-
Irish, who were numerous on the frontier of the
middle Colonies were, of course, of pure Scotch and
English blood, although they had resided in Ire-
land two or three generations. They were quite
free from admixture with the earlier Irish from
whom they were cut off socially by bitter religious

76 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

antagonism, and they are not to be considered as
“Irish” in any sense.

There was no important immigration of other
elements until the middle of, the nineteenth cen-
tury, when Irish Catholic and German immigrants
appear for the first time upon the scene.

The Nordic blood was kept pure in the Colonies,
because at that time among Protestant peoples
there was a strong race feeling, as a result of which
half-breeds between the white man and any native
type were regarded as natives and not as white
men.

There was plenty of mixture with the negroes as
the light color of most negroes abundantly testifies,
but these mulattoes, quadroons, or octoroons were
then and are now universally regarded as negroes.

There was also abundant cross breeding along
the frontiers between the white frontiersman and
the Indian squaw, but the half-breed was every-
where regarded as a member of the inferior race.

In the Catholic colonies, however, of New France
and New Spain, if the half-breed were a good
Catholic he was regarded as a Frenchman or a
Spaniard, as the case might be. This fact alone
gives the clew to many of our colonial wars where
the Indians, other than the Iroquois, were per-
suaded to join the French against the Americans
by half-breeds who considered themselves French-
men. The Church of Rome has everywhere used

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 77

its influence to break down racial distinctions. It
disregards origins and only requires obedience to
the mandates of the universal church. In that lies
the .secret of the opposition of Rome to all national
movements. It is the imperial as contrasted with
the nationalistic ideal, ana in that respect the in-
heritance is direct from the Empire.

Race consciousness in the Colonies and in the
United States, down to and including the Mexican
War, seems to have been very strongly developed
among native Americans, and it still remains in full
vigor to-day in the South, where the presence of a
large negro population forces this question upon the
daily attention of the whites.

In New England, however, whether through the
decline of Calvinism or the growth of altruism,
there appeared early in the last century a wave of
sentimentalism, which at that time took up the
cause of the negro, and in so doing apparently de-
stroyed, to a large extent, pride and consciousness
of race in the North. The agitation over slavery
was inimical to the Nordic race, because it thrust
aside all national opposition to the intrusion of
hordes of immigrants of inferior racial value, and
prevented the fixing of a definite American type,
such as was clearly appearing in the middle of the
century.

The Civil War was fought almost entirely by
unalloyed native Americans. The German and

78 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

Irish immigrants were at that time confined to a
few States, and were chiefly mere day laborers and
of no social importance. They played no part
whatever in the development or policies of the na-
tion, although in the war they contributed a cer-
tain number of soldiers to the Northern armies.
These Irish and German elements were of Nordic
race, and while they did not in the least strengthen
the nation either morally or intellectually, they did
not impair its physique.

There has been little or no Indian blood taken
into the veins of the native American, except in
States like Oklahoma and in some isolated families
scattered here and there in the Northwest. This
particular mixture will play no very important r61e
in future combinations of race on this continent,
except in the north of Canada.

The native American has always found, and finds
now, in the black men, willing followers who ask
only to obey and to further the ideals and wishes
of the master race, without trying to inject into the
body politic their own views, whether racial, re-
ligious, or social. Negroes are never socialists or
labor unionists, and as long as the dominant im-
poses its will on the servient race, and as long as
they remain in the same relation to the whites as in
the past, the negroes will be a valuable element in
the community, but once raised to social equality
their influence will be destructive to themselves

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES 79

and to the whites. If the purity of the two races
is to be maintaiaed, they cannot continue to live
side by side, i'nd this is a problem from which there
can be no escape.

The native Am.irican by the middle of the nine-
teenth century was rapidly becoming a distinct
type. Derived from the Teutonic part of the Brit-
ish Isles, and being almost purely Nordic, he was
on the point of developing physical peculiarities
of his own, slightly variant from those of his Eng-
lish forefathers, and corresponding rather with the
idealistic Elizabethan than with the materialistic
Hanoverian Englishman. The Civil War, however,
put a severe, perhaps fatal, check to the develop-
ment and expansion of this splendid type, by de-
stroying great numbers of the best breeding stock
on both sides, and by breaking up the home ties
of many more. If the war had not occurred these
same men with their descendants would have popu-
lated the Western States instead of the racial non-
descripts who are now flocking there.

The prosperity that followed the war attracted
hordes of newcomers who were welcomed by the
native Americans to operate factories, build rail-
roads, and fill up the waste spaces — ‘developing
the country” it was called.

These new hnmigrants were no longer exclusively
members of the Nordic race as were the earlier ones
who came of their own impulse to improve their

8o RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

social conditions. The transportation lines adver-
tised America as a land flowing with milk and
honey, and the European governments took the
opportunity to unload upon careless, wealthy, and
hospitable America the sweepings of their jails and
asylums. The result was that the new immigra-
tion, while it still included many strong elements
from the north of Europe, contained a large and
increasing number of the weak, the broken, and the
mentally crippled of all races drawn from the low-
est stratum of the Mediterranean basin and the
Balkans, together with hordes of the wretched, sub-
merged populations of the Polish Ghettos.

With a pathetic and fatuous belief in the eflSicacy
of American institutions and environment to re-
verse or obliterate immemorial hereditary tenden-
cies, these newcomers were welcomed and given a
^ share in our land and prosperity. The American
Jaxed himself to sanitate and educate these poor
helots, and as soon as they could speak English,
encouraged them to enter into the political life,
first of municipalities, and then of thejnntion.

The result is showing plainly in the rapid decline
in the birth rate of native Americans because the
poorer classes of Colonial stock, where they still
exist, will not bring children into the world to com-
pete in the labor market with the Slovak, the Ital-
ian, the Syrian, and the Jew. The native Ameri -
can is too^proud^dxi- with them^ a nd is

gradually withdrawing from -the scene^^abandon-

THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONJES 8i

ing to these aliens the land which he conquered and
developed. The man of the old stock is being
crowded out of many country districts by these
foreigners, just as he is to-day being literally driven
off the streets of New York City by the swarms of
Polish Jews. These immigrants adopt the lan->
guage of the native American; they wear his
clothes; they steal his name; and they r re begin-
ning to take his women, but they "seldom adopt
Ilk religion or understancT his ideals, and while he
is being elbowed out of his own home the American
looks calmly abroad and urges on others the sui-
cidal ethics which are exterminating his own race.

As to what the future mixture will be it is evi-
dent that in large sections of the country the na-
tive American will entirely disappear. He will not
intermarry with inferior races, and he cannot com-
pete in the sweat shop and in the street trench with
the newcomers. Large cities from the days of
Rome, Alexandria, and Byzantium have always
been gathering points of diverse races, but New
York is becoming a cloaca gentium which will pro-
duce many amazing racial hybrids and some ethnic
horrors that will be beyond the powers of future
anthropologists to unravel.

One thing is certain: in any such mixture, the
surviving traits will be determined by competition
between the lowest and most primitive elements
and the specialized traits of Nordic man; his
stature, his light colored eyes, his fair skin and

82 RACE, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONALITY

blond hair, his straight nose, and his splendid fight-
ing and moral qualities, will have little part in the
resultant mixture.

The “survival of the fittest” means the survival
of the type best adapted to existing conditions of
environment, to-day the tenement and factory, as
in Colonial times they were the clearing of for-
ests, fighting Indians, farming the fields, and sailing
the Seven Seas. From the point of view of race it
were better described as the “survival of the unfit.”

This review of the colonies of Europe would be
discouraging were it not that thus far little atten-
tion has been paid to the suitability of a new coun-
try for the particular colonists who migrate there.
The process of sending out colonists is as old as
mankind itself, and probably in the last analysis
most of the chief races of the world, certainly most
of the inhabitants of Europe, represent the de-
scendants of successful colonists.

Success in colonization depends on the selection
of new lands and climatic conditions in harmony
with the immemorial requirements of the incoming
race. The adjustment of each race to its own pecu-
liar habitat is based on thousands of years of rigid
selection which cannot be safely ignored. A cer-
tain isolation and freedom from competition with
other races, for some centuries at least, is also im-
portant, so that the colonists may become habitu-
ated to their new surroundings.

PART II

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

I

EOLITHIC MAN

Before considering the living populations of
Europe, we must give consideration to the extinct
peoples that preceded them.

The science of anthropology is very recent — ^in
its present form less than fifty years old — ^but it has
already revolutionized our knowledge of the past
and extended prehistory so that it is now measured
not by thousands but by tens of thousands of
years.

The history of man prior to the period of metals
has been divided into ten or more subdivisions,
many of them longer than the time covered by
written records. Man has struggled up through
the ages, to revert again and again into sav-
agery and barbarism, but apoarently retaining
each time something gained by the travail of his
ancestors.

So long as there is in the world a freely breeding
stock or race that has in it an inherent capacity for
development and growth, mankind will continue
to ascend until, possibly through the selection and
regulation of breeding as intelligently applied as
in the case of domestic animals, he will control his

8s

86

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

own destiny and attain moral heights as yet un-
imagined.

The impulse upward, however, is supplied by a
very small number of nations, and by a very small
portion of the population in such nations. The
section of any community that produces leaders or
genius of any sort is only a minute percentage.
To invent new processes, to establish new princi-
ples, to elucidate and unravel the laws of nature,
calls for genius. To imitate or to adopt what
others have invented is not genius but mimicry.

This something which we call “genius” is not a
matter of family, but of stock or strain, and is in-
herited in precisely the same manner as are the
purely physical characters. It may be latent
through several generations of obscurity, and then
flare up when the opportunity comes. Of this we
have many examples in America. This is what
education or opportunity does for a community; it
permits in these rare cases fair play for develop-
ment, but it is race, always race, that produces
genius.

This genius producing type is slow breeding, and
there is real danger of its loss to mankind. Some
idea of the value of these small strains can be
gained from the recent statistics which demonstrate
that Massachusetts produces more than fifty times
as much genius per hundred thousand whites as does
Georgia, Alabama, or Mississippi, although appar-

1::0LITH1C MAN

87

ently race, religion, and environment, other than
climatic conditions, are much the same, except for
the numbing presence in the South of a large sta-
tionary negro population.

The more thorough the study of European pre-
history becomes, the more we realize how many
advances of culture have been made and then lost.
Our parents were accustomed to regard the over-
throw of ancient civilization in the Dark Ages as
the greatest catastrophe of mankind, but we now
know that the classic period of Greece was pre-
ceded by similar dark ages caused by the Dorian
invasions, which overthrew the Homeric-Myce-
nasan culture, which in its turn had flourished after
the destruction of its parent, the Minoan culture
of Crete. Still earlier, some twelve thousand years
ago, the Azilian period of poverty and retrogres-
sion succeeded the wonderful achievements of the
hunter-artists of the Upper Paleolithic.

The progress of civilization becomes evident only
when immense periods are studied and compared,
but the lesson is always the same, namely, that
race is everything. Without race there can be
nothing except the slave wearing his master’s
clothes, stealing his master’s proud name, adopt-
ing his master’s tongue, and li’/ing in the crumbling
ruins of his master’s palace. Everywhere on the
sites of ancient civilization the Turk, the Kurd, and
the Bedouin camp; and Americans might well

88

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

pause and consider the fate of this country which
they, and they alone, founded and nourished with
their blood. The immigrant ditch diggers and the
railroad navvies were to our fathers what their
slaves were to the Romans, and the same transfer
of political power from master to servant is taking
place to-day.

Man’s place of origin was undoubtedly Asia.
Europe is only a peninsula of the Eurasiatic conti-
nent, and although the extent of its land area
during the Pleistocene was much greater than
at present, it is certain, from the distribution of
the various species of man, that the main races
evolved in Asia long before the centre of that
continent was reduced to deserts by progressive
desiccation.

Evidence of the location of the early evolution
of man in Asia and the geologically recent sub-
merged area toward the southeast is afforded by
the fossil deposits in the Siwalik hills of northern
India, where have been found the remains of pri-
mates which were either ancestral or closely re-
lated to the four genera of living anthropoids; and
by the discovery in Java, which in Pliocene times
was connected with the mainland over what is
now the South China Sea, of the earliest known
form of erect primate, the Pithecanthropus. This
apelike man is practically the “missing link,” being
intermediate between man and the anthropoids.

EOLITHIC MAN

89

Pithecanthropus is generally believed to have been
contemporary with the Gunz glaciation of some
500,000 years ago, the first of the four great glacial
advances in Europe.

One or two forms of fossil anthropoid apes have
been discovered ii^ the Miocene of Europe which
may possibly have been remotely related to the
ancestors of man, but when the archaeological ex-
ploration of Asia shall be as complete and inten-
sive as that of Europe, it is probable that more
forms of fossil anthropoids and new species of man
will be found there.

Man existed in Europe during the second and
third interglacial periods, if not earlier. We have
his artifacts in the form of eoliths, at least as early
as the second interglacial stage, the Mindel-Riss,
ot some 300,000 years ago. A single jaw found near
Heidelberg is referred to this period and is the
earliest skeletal evidence of man in Europe. From
certain remarkable characters in this jaw, it has
been assigned to a new species, Homo heidelber-
gensis.

Then follows a long period of scanty industrial
relics and no known skeletal r?mains. Man was
slowly and painfully struggling up from an eolithic
culture phase, where chance flints served his tem-
porary purpose. This in turn was succeeded by a
stage of human development where slight chipping
and retouching of flints for man’s increasing needs

90

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

led, after vast intervals of time, to the deliberate
manufacture of tools. This period is known as the
Eolithic, and is necessarily extremely hazy and un-
certain. Whether or not certain chipped or broken
flints, called eoliths, or dawn stones, were really
human artifacts or were the products of natural
forces is really immaterial because man must have
passed through such an eolithic stage.

The further back we go toward the commence-
ment of such an eolithic culture, the more and more
unrecognizable the flints necessarily become until
they finally cannot be distinguished from natural
stone fragments, because at the beginning the earli-
est man merely picked up a convenient stone, used
it once and flung it away, precisely as an anthro-
poid ape would act to-day if he wanted to break in
the shell of a tortoise or crack an ostrich egg.

Man must have experienced the following phases
of development in the transition from the prehu-
man to the human stage: first, the utilization of
chance stones and sticks; second, the casual adap-
tation of flints by a minimum amount of chipping;
third, the deliberate manufacture of the simplest
implements from flint nodules; and fourth, the in-
vention of new forms of weapons and tools in ever
increasing variety.

Of the last two stages we have an extensive and
clear record. Of the second stage we have in the
eoliths intermediate forms ranging from flints that

EOLITHIC MAN

91

are evidently results of natural causes to flints that
are clearly artifacts. The first and earliest stage,
of course, could leave behind it no definite record
and must always rest on hj'pothesis.

II

PALEOLITHIC MAN

With the deliberate manufacture of imple^ments
from flint nodules, we enter the beginning of Paleo-
lithic time, and from here on our way is relatively
clear. The successive stages of the Paleolithic were
of great length, but are each characterized by some
improvement in the manufacture of tools. Dur-
ing long ages man was merely a tool making and
tool using animal, and, after all is said, that is
about as good a definition as we can find to-day
for the primate we call human.

The Paleolithic Period, or Old Stone Age, lasted
from the somewhat indefinite termination of the
Eolithic, some 150,000 years ago, to the Neolithic
or New Stone Age, which began about 7,000 B. C.

The Paleolithic falls naturally into three great
subdivisions. The Lower Paleolithic includes the
whole of the last interglacial stage with the sub-
divisions of the Pre-Chellean, Chellean, and Acheu-
lean; the Middle Paleolithic covers the whole of
the last glaciation, and is co-ex tensive with the
Mousterian Period and the dominance of the Nean-
derthal species of man. The Upper Paleolithic
covers all the postglacial stages down to the Neo-
lithic, and includes the subdivisions of the Aurig-

92

P\LEOLITHIG MAN

93

nacian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, and Azilian. Dur-
ing the entire Upper Paleolithic, except the short
closing phase, the Cro-Magnon race flourished.

It is not until after the third severe period of
great cold, known as the Riss glaciation, and until
we enter, some i jo,ooo years ago, the third and
last interglacial stage of temperate climate, known
as the Riss-Wiirm, that we begin a definite and as-
cending series of culture. The Pre-Chellean, Chel-
lean and Acheulean divisions of the Lower Paleo-
lithic occupied the whole of this warm or rather
temperate interglacial phase, which lasted nearly
100,000 years.

A shattered skull, a jaw, and some teeth have
been discovered recently in Sussex, England. These
remains were all attributed to the same individual,
who was named the Piltdown Man. Owing to the
extraordinary thickness of the skull and the simian
character of the jaw, a new genus, Eoanthropus,
the “dawn man,” was created and assigned toPre-
Chcllean times. Further study and comparison
with the jaws of other primates demonstrated that
the jaw belonged to a chimpanzee, so that the genus
Eoanthropus must now be abandoned, and the Pilt-
down Man must be included in the genus Homo
as at present constituted. Future discoveries of the
Piltdown type and for that matter of Heidelberg
Man may, however, raise either or both of them to
generic rank.

94

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Some of the tentative restorations of the frag-
mentary bones make this skviU altogether too mod-
ern and too capacious for a Pre-Chellean or even a
Chellean. In any event the Piltdown Man is highly
aberrant and, so far as our present knowledge goes,
does not appear to be related to any other species
of man found during the Lower Paleolithic.

In later, Acheulean, times a new species of man,
very likely descended from the early Heidelberg
Man of Eolithic times, appears on the scene, and is
known as the Neanderthal race. Many fossil re-
mains of this type have been found.

The Neanderthaloids occupied the European
stage exclusively, with the possible exception of
the Piltdown Man, so far as our information
extends, from the first appearance of man in Eu-
rope to the end of the Middle Paleolithic. The
Neanderthals flourished throughout the entire dura-
tion of the last glacial advance known as the Wiirm
glaciation. This period, known as the Mousterian,
began about 50,000 years ago, and lasted some
25,000 years.

The Neanderthal species disappears suddenly
and completely with the advent of postglacial times,
when, about 25,000 years ago, he was apparently
exterminated by a new and far higher race, the
famous Cro-Magnons,

There may well have been, and probably were,
during Mousterian times, races of man in Europe

PALEOLITHIC MAN

95

other than the Neanderthaloids, but of them we
have no record. Among the numerous remains of
Neanderthals, however, we do find traces of dis-
tinct types showing that this race in Europe was
undergoing evolution and was developing marked
variations in characters.

Neanderthal Man was a purely meat eating
hunter, living in caves, or rather in their entrances.
He was dolichocephalic and not unlike existing
Australoids, although not necessarily of black skin,
and was, of course, in no sense a negro.

The skull was characterized by heavy super-
orbital ridges, a low, receding forehead, protruding
and chinless under jaw, and the posture was imper-
fectly erect. This race was widely spread and
rather numerous. Some of its blood has trickled
down to the present time, and occasionally one sees
a skull of the Neanderthal type. The best skull of
this type ever seen by the writer belonged to an
old and very intellectual professor in London, who
was quite innocent of his value as a museum speci-
men. In the old black breed of Scotland the over-
hanging brow and deep-set eyes are suggestive of
this race.

Along with other ancient and primitive racial
remnants, ferocious gorilla like living specimens
of the Neanderthal man are found not infrequently
on the west coast of Ireland, and are easily recog-
nized by the great upper lip, bridgeless nose, beet-

96 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ling brow and low growing hair, and wild and
savage aspect. The proportions of the skull which
give rise to this large upper lip, the low forehead,
and the superorbital ridges are clearly Neander-
thal characters. The other traits of this Irish type
are common to many primitive races. This is the
Irishman of caricature, and the type was very fre-
quent in America when the first Irish immigrants
came in 1846 and the following years. It seems,
however, to have almost disappeared in this coun-
try.

In the Upper Paleolithic, which began after the
close of the fourth and last glaciation, about 25,000
years ago, the Neanderthal race was succeeded by
men of very modern aspect, known as Cro-Mag-
nons. The date of the beginning of the Upper
Paleolithic is the first we can fix with accuracy, and
its correctness can be relied on within narrow limits.
The Cro-Magnon race first appears in the Aurig-
nacian subdivision of the Upper Paleolithic. Like
the Neanderthals, they were dolichocephalic, with
a cranial capacity superior to the average in exist-
ing European populations, and a stature of very re-
markable size.

It is quite astonishing to find that the predomi-
nant race in Europe 25,000 years ago, or more,
was not only much taller, but had an absolute
cranial capacity in excess of the average of the
present population. The low cranial average of

PALEOLITHIC M.\N

97

existing populations in Europe can be best ex-
plained by the presence of large numbers of indi-
viduals of inferior mentality. These defectives
have been carefully preserved by modcin charity,
whereas in the savage state of society the back-
ward members are allowed to perish and the race
is carried on by the vigorous and not by the weak-
lings.

The high brain capacity of the Cro-Magnons is
paralleled by that of the ancient Greeks, who in a
single century gave to the world out of their small
population very much more genius than all the
other races of mankind have since succeeded in
producing in a similar length of time. Athens
between 530 and 430 B. C. had an average popu-
lation of about 90,000 freemen, and yet from these
small numbers there were born no less than four-
teen geniuses of the very highest rank. This
would indicate a general intellectual status as much
above that of the Anglo-Saxons as the latter are
above the negroes. The existence at these early
dates of a very high cranial capacity and its later
decline shows that there is no upward tendency
inherent in mankind of sufficient strength to over-
come obstacles placed in its way by stupid social
customs.

All historians are familiar with the phenomenon
of a rise and decline in civilization such as has oc-
curred time and again in the history of the world,

98

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

but we have here in the disappearance of the Cro-
Magnon race the earliest example of the replace-
ment of a very superior race by an inferior one.
There is great danger of a similar replacement of a
higher by a lower type here in America unless the
native American uses his superior intelligence to
protect himself and his children from competition
with intrusive peoples drained from the lowest
races of eastern Europe and western Asia.

While the skull of the Cro-Magnon was long, the
cheek bones were very broad, and this combina-
tion of broad face with long skull constitutes a
peculiar disharmonic type which occurs to-day only
among the very highly specialized Esquimaux and
one or two other unimportant groups.

Skulls of this particular type, however, are found
in small numbers among existing populations in
central France, precisely in the district where the
fossil remains of this race were first discovered.
These isolated Frenchmen probably represent the
last lingering remnant of this splendid race of hunt-
ing savages.

The Cro-Magnon culture is found all around the
basin of the Mediterranean, and this fact, together
with the conspicuous absence in eastern Europe of
its earliest phases, the lower Aurignacian, indicates
that it entered Europe by way of north Africa,
precisely as did, in Neolithic times, its successors,
the Mediterranean race. There is little doubt

99

PALEOLITHIC MAN

that the Cro-Magnons originally developed in Asia
and were in their highest stage of physical devel-
opment at the time of their first appearance in
Europe. Whatever change took place in their
stature during their residence there seems to have
been in the nature of a decline rather than of a
further development, ^

There is nothing whatever of the negroid in the
Cro-Magnons, and they are not in any way related
to the Neanderthals, who represent a distinct and
extinct species of man.

The Cro-Magnon race persisted through the en-
tire Upper Paleolithic, during the periods known
as the Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian,
from 25,000 to 10,000 B. C. While it is possible
that the blood of this race enters somewhat into
the composition of the peoples of western Europe,
its influence cannot be great, and the Cro-Mag-
nons disappear from view with the advent of the
warmer climate of recent times.

It has been suggested that, following the fading
ice edge north and eastward through Asia into
North America, they became the ancestors of the
Esquimaux, but certain anatomical objections are
fatal to this interesting theory. No one, however,
who is familiar with the culture of the Esquimaux,
and especially with their wonderful skill in bone-
carvirig, can fail to be struck with the similarity
of their technique to that of the Cro-Magnons.

100

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

To the Cro-Magnon race the world owes the birth
of art. Caverns and shelters are yearly uncov-
ered in France and Spain, where the walls and ceil-
ings are covered with polychrome paintings or
with incised bas-reliefs of animals of the chase. A
few clay models, sometimes of the human form,
are also found together with abundant remains of
their chipped but unpolished stone weapons and
tools. Certain facts stand out clearly, namely,
that they were pure hunters and clothed themselves
in furs and skins. They knew nothing of agricul-
ture or of domestic animals, even the dog being as
yet untamed, and the horse was regarded merely
as an object of chase.

The question of their knowledge of the principle
of the bow and arrow during the Aurignacian and
Solutrean is an open one, but there are definite in-
dications of the use of the arrow, or at least the
barbed dart, in early Magdalenian times, and this
weapon was well known in the succeeding Azilian
Period.

The presence toward the end of this last period
of quantities of very small flints, called micro-
liths, has given rise to much controversy. It is
possible that these microliths represent the tips of
small poisoned arrows such as are now in very
general use among primitive hunting tribes the
world over. Certain grooves in some of the flint
weapons of the Upper Paleolithic may well have

PALEOLITHIC MAN

lOI

been also used for the reception of poison. It is
highly probable that these skilful savages, the Cro-
Magnons, perhaps the greatest hunters that ever
lived, not only used poisoned darts, but were
adepts in trapping game by means of pitfalls and
snares, precisely as do some of the hunting tribes
of Africa to-day. Barbed arrowheads of dint or
bone, such as were commonlj' used by the North
American Indians, have not been found in Paleo-
lithic deposits.

In the next period, the Solutrean, the Cro-Mag-
nons shared Europe with a new race known as the
Briinn-Pfedmost, found in central Europe. This
race is characterized by a long face as well as a
long skull, and was, therefore, harmonic. This
Brunn-Pfedmost race would appear to have been
well settled in the Danubian and Hungarian plains,
and this location indicates an eastern rather than
a southern origin.

Good anatomists have seen in this race the last
lingering traces of the Neande; thaloids, but it is
more probable that we have here the first advance
wave of the primitive forerunners of one of the
modern European dolichocephalic races.

This new race was not artistic, but had great
skill in fashioning weapons. It is possibly associ-
ated with the peculiarities of Solutrean culture and
the decline of art which characterizes that period.
The artistic impulse of the Cro-Magnons which

102

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

flourished so vigorously during the Aurignacian,
seems to Le quite suspended during this Solutrean
period, but reappears in the succeeding Magdale-
nian times. This Magdalenian art is clearly the
direct descendant of Aurignacian models, and in
this closing age of the Cro-Magnons all forms of
Paleolithic art, carving, engraving, painting, and
the manufacture of weapons, reach their highest
and final culmination.

Nine thousand or ten thousand years may be
assigned for the Aurignacian and Solutrean Pe-
riods, and we may with considerable certainty give
the minimum date of 16,000 B. C. for the beginning
of Magdalenian time. Its entire duration can be
safely set down at 6,000 years, thus bringing the
final termination of the Magdalenian to 10,000
B. C. All these dates are extremely conservative,
and the error, if any, would be in assigning too late
and not too early a period to the end of Magdale-
nian times.

At the close of the Magdalenian we enter upon
the last period of Paleolithic times, the Azilian,
which lasted from about 10,000 to 7,000 B. C., when
the Upper Paleolithic, the age of chipped flints,
definitely and finally ends. This period takes its
name from the Mas d’Azil or “House of Refuge,”
a huge cavern in the eastern Pyrenees, where the
local Protestants took shelter during the persecu-
tions. In this cave the extensive deposits are

PALEOLITHIC MAN

103

typical oi this epoch, and here certain marked
pebbles show the earliest known traces of the
alphabet.

With the advent of this closing Azilian Period
art entirely disappears, and the splendid physical
specimens of the Cro-Magiions are succeeded by
what appear to have been degraded savages, who
had lost the force and vigor necessaiy^ for the
strenuous chase of large game, and had turned to
the easier life of fishermen.

The bow and arrov/ in the Azilian are in common
use in 'Spain, and it is well within the possibilities
that the introduction of this new weapon from the
south may have played its part in the destruction
of the Cro-Magnons; otherwise it is hard to account
for the disappearance of this race of large stature
and great brain power.

The Azilian, also called the Tardenoisian in the
north of France, was evidently a period of racial
disturbance, and at its close the beginnings of the
existing races are found.

From the first appearance of man in Europe,
and for many tens of thousands of years down to
some ten or twelve thousand years ago, all known
human remains are of dolichocephalic type.

In the Azilian Period there appears the first
round skull race. It comes clearly from the east.
Later we shall find that this invasion of the fore-
runners of the existing Alpine race came from

104 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

southwestern Asia by way of the Iranian plateaux,
Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the valley of the
Danube, and spread over nearly all of Europe.
The earlier round skull invasions may as well have
been infiltrations as armed conquests, since appar-
ently from that day to this the round skulls have
occupied the poorer mountain districts and have
seldom ventured down to the rich and fertile
plains.

This new brachycephalic race is known as the
Furfooz or Crenelle race, so called from the locali-
ties in Belgium and France where it was first dis-
covered. Members of this round skull race have
also been found at Ofnet, in Bavaria, where they
occur in association with a dolichocephalic race,
our first historic evidence of the mixture of con-
trasted races. The descendants of this Furfooz-
Grenelle race and of the succeeding waves of
invaders of the same brachycephalic type now
occupy central Europe as Alpines and form the
predominant peasant type in central and eastern
Europe.

In this same Azilian Period there appear, com-
ing this time from the south, the first forerunners
of the Mediterranean race. The descendants of
this earliest wave of Mediterraneans and their later
reinforcements occupy all the coast and islands of
the Mediterranean, and are spread widely over
western Europe. They can everywhere be identified

PALEOLITHIC MAN 105

by their short stature, long skull, and brunet hair
and eyes.

While during this Azilian-Tardenoisian Period
these ancestors of two of the existing European
races are appearing in central and southern Europe,
a new culture phabe, also distinctly Pre-Neolithic,
was developing along the shores of the Baltic. It
is known as Maglemose from its type locality in
Denmark. It is probably the work of the first
wave of the Nordic subspecies, possibly the Proto-
Teutons, who had followed the retreating glaciers
north over the old land connections between Den-
mark and Sweden to occupy the Scandinavian
Peninsula. In the remains of this culture we find
for the first time definite evidence of the domesti-
cated dog. As yet, however, no skeletal remains
have been discovered.

With the appearance of the Mediterranean race
the Azilian-Tardenoisian draws to its close, and with
it the entire Paleolithic Period. It is safe to assign
for the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of
the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age, the date of
7000 or 8000 B. C.

The races of the Paleolithic Period arrived suc-
cessively on the scene with all their characters fully
developed. The evolution of all these subspecies
and races took place somewhere in Asia or eastern
Europe. None of these races appear to be an-
cestral one to another, although the scanty re-

io6 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

mains uf the Heidelberg Man would indicate that
he may have given rise to the later Neanderthals.
Other than this possible affinity, the various races
of Paleolithic times are not related one to another.

Ill

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES

About 7000 B. C. we enter an entirely new period
in the history of man, the Neolithic or New Stone
Age, when the flint impiements were polished and
not merely chipped. Early as is this date in Euro-
pean culture, we are not far from the beginnings
of an elaborate civilization in parts of Asia. The
earliest organized states, so far as our present knowl-
edge goes, were the Mesopotamian empires of Accad
and Sumer — though they may have been preceded
by the Chinese civilization, whose origin remains a
mysteiy', nor can we trace any connection between
it and western Asia. Balkh, the ancient Bactra,
the mother of cities, T^s located where the trade
routes between China, India, and Mesopotamia
converged, and it is in this neighborhood that care-
ful and thorough excavations wdl probably find
their greatest rewards.

However, we are not dealing with Asia, but with
Europe only, and our knowledge is confined to the
fact that the various cultural advances at the end
of the Paleolithic and the beginning of the Neo-
lithic correspond with the arrival of new races.

The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neo-
lithic was formerly considered as revolutionary, an

107

io8 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

abrupt change of both race and culture, but a
period more or less transitory, known as the Cam-
pignian, now appears to bridge over this gap. This
is but what should be expected, since in human
archaeology as in geology the more detailed our
knowledge becomes, the more gradually we find
one period or horizon merges into its successor.

For a long time after the opening of the Neo-
lithic the old fashioned chipped weapons and im-
plements remain the predominant type, and the
polished flints so characteristic of the Neolithic
appear at first only sporadically, then increase in
number, until finally they entirely replace the
rougher designs of the preceding Old Stone Age.

So in turn these Neolithic polished stone imple-
ments which ultimately became both varied and
effective as weapons and tools, continued in use
long after metallurgy developed. In the Bronze
Period, of course, metal armor and weapons were
for ages of the greatest value. So they were nec-
essarily in the possession of the military and ruling
classes only, while the unfortunate serf or com-
mon soldier who followed his master to war did
the best he could with leather shield and stone
weapons. In the ring that clusteretl around
Harold for the last stand on Senlac Hill many
of the English thanes died with their Saxon king,
armed solely with the stone battle-axes of their
ancestors.

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 109

In Italy also there was a long period known to
the Italian archaeologists as the Eneolithic Period,
when good flint tools existed side by side with very
poor copper and bronze iraplements; so that, while
the Neolithic lasted in western Europe four or five
thousand years, it is, at its commencement, with-
out clear definition from the preceding Paleolithic,
and at its end it merged gradually into the suc-
ceeding ages of metals.

After the opening Campignian phase there fol-
lowed a long period typical of the Neolithic, known
as the Robenhausian, or Age of the Swiss Lake
Dwellers, which reached its height about 5000
B. C. The lake dwellings seem to have been the
work exclusively of the round skull Alpine races
and are found in numbers throughout the region
of the Alps and their foothills and along the
Danube valley.

These Robenhausian pile built villages were in
Europe the earliest known form of fixed habita-
tion, and the culture found in association with
them was a great advance on that of the preceding
Paleolithic. This type of permanent habitation
flourished through the entire Upper Neolithic and
the succeeding Bronze Age. Pile villages end in
Switzerland with the first appearance of iron, but
elsewhere, as in the upper Danube, they still ex-
isted in the days of Herodotus.

Domesticated animals and agriculture, as well

no

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

as rough pottery, appear during the Robenhausian
for the first time. The chase, supplemented by
trapping and fishing, was still common, but it prob-
ably was more for clothing than for food. Of
course, a permanent site is the basis of an agricul-
tural community, and involves at least a partial
abandonment of the chase, because only nomads
can follow the game in its seasonal migrations, and
hunted animals soon leave the neighborhood of
settlements.

The Terramara Period of northern Italy was a
later phase of culture contemporaneous with the
Upper Robenhausian, and was typical of the Bronze
Age. During the Terramara Period fortified and
moated stations in swamps or close to the banks of
rivers became the favorite resorts instead of pile
villages built in lakes. The first traces of copper
are found during this period. The earliest human
remains in the Terramara deposits are long skulled,
but round skulls soon appear in association with
bronze implements. This indicates an original
population of Mediterranean affinities swamped
later by Alpines.

Neolithic culture also flourished in the north of
Europe and particularly in Scandinavia, now free
from ice. The coasts of the Baltic were appar-
ently occupied for the first time at the very begin-
ning of this period, as no trace of Paleolithic indus-
try has been found there, other than the Maglemose,

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES iii

which represents only the very latest phase of the
Old Stone Age, The kitchen middens, or refuse
heaps, of Sweden, and more particularly of Den-
mark, date from the early Neolithic, and thus are
somewhat earlier than the lake dwellers. No trace
of agriculture has been found in them, and the dog
seems to have been the only domesticated animal.

From these two centres, the Alps and the No’’th,
an elaborate and variegated Neolithic culture spread
through western Europe, and an autochthonous
development took place little influenced by trade
intercourse with Asia after the first immigrations
of the new races.

We may assume that the distribution of races
during the Neolithic was roughly as follows: The
Mediterranean basin and western Europe, includ-
ing Spain, Italy, Gaul, Britain, and the western
portions of Germany, populated by Mediterra-
nean long heads; the Alps and the territories im-
mediately surrounding, except the valley of the Po,
together with much of the Balkr.ns, inhabited by
Alpine types. These Alpines extended northward
until they came in touch in eastern Germany and
Poland with the southernmost Nordics, but as the
Carpathians at a much later date, namely from the
fourth to the eighth century A. D., were the centre
of radiation of the Alpine Slavs, it is very possible
that during the Neolithic the early Nordics lay
farther north and east.

112 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

North of the Alpines and occupying the shores
of the Baltic and Scandinavia, together with east-
ern Germany, Poland, and Russia, were located the
Nordics. At the very base of the Neolithic, and
perhaps still earlier, this race occupied Scandinavia,
and Sweden became the nursery of the Teutonic
subdivision of the Nordic race. It was in that
country that the peculiar characters of stature
and blondness became most accentuated, and it is
there that we find them to-day in their greatest
purity. During the Neolithic the remnants of
early Paleolithic man must have been numerous,
but later they were either exterminated or ab-
sorbed by the existing European races.

During all this Neolithic Period Mesopotamia
and Egypt were thousands of years in advance of
Europe, but only a small amount of culture from
these sources seems to have trickled westward up
the valley of the Danube, then and long afterward
the main route of intercourse between western
Asia and the heart of Europe. Some trade also
passed from the Black Sea up the Russian rivers
to the Baltic coasts. Along these latter routes there
came from the north to the Mediterranean world
the amber of the Baltic, a fossil resin greatly prized
by early man for its magic electrical qualities.

Gold was probably the first metal to attract the
attention of primitive man, but, of course, could
only be used for puqioses of ornamentation. Cop-

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 113

per, which is often found in a pure state, was also
one of the earliest metals known, and probably came
first either from the n mes of Cyprus or of the Sinai
Peninsula. These la '.ter mines are known to have
been worked before 3800 B. C. by systematic min-
ing operation'., and much earlier the metal must
have been obtained by primitive methods from
surface ore. It is, therefore, probable that copper
was known and used, at first for ornament and
later for implements, in Egypt before 5000 B. C.,
and probably even earlier in the Mesopotamian
regions.

With the use of copper the Neolithic fades to
its end and the Bronze Age commences soon there-
after. This next step in advance was made appar-
ently about 4000 B. C., when some unknown genius
discovered that an amalgam of nine parts of copper
to one part of tin would produce the metal we now
call bronze, which has a texture and strength suit-
able for weapons and tools. The discovery revolu-
tionized the world. The new knowledge was a long
time spreading and weapons of this material were
of fabulous value, especially in countries where
there were no native mines, and where spears and
swords could only be obtained through trade or
conquest. The esteem in which these bronze
weapons, and still more the later weapons of iron,
were held, is indicated by the innumerable legends
and myths concerning magic swords and armor.

1 14 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the possession of which made the owner well-high
invulnerable and invincible.

The necessity of obtaining tin for this amalgam
led to the early voyages of the Phoenicians, who
from the cities of Tyre and Sidon, and their daugh-
ter, Carthage, traversed the entire length of the
Mediterranean, founded colonies in Spain to work
the Spanish tin mines, passed the Pillars of Her-
cules, and finally voyaged through the stormy
Atlantic to the Cassiterides, the Tin Isles of Ultima
Thule. There, on the coasts of Cornwall, they
traded with the native British, of kindred Mediter-
ranean race, for the precious tin. These dangerous
and costly voyages become explicable only if the
value of this metal for the composition of bronze
be taken into consideration.

After these bronze weapons were elaborated in
Egypt, the knowledge of their manufacture and
use was extended through conquest into Palestine,
and about 3000 B. C. northward into Asia Minor.

The effect of the possession of these new weapons
on the Alpine populations of western Asia was
magical, and resulted in an intensive and final ex-
pansion of round skulls into Europe. This inva-
sion came through Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the
valley of the Danube, poured into Italy from the
north, introduced bronze among the earlier Alpine
lake dwellers of Switzerland, and among the Medi-
terraneans of the Terramara stations of the valley

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES 115

of the Po, and at a later date reached as far west
as Britain and as far north as Holland and Nor-
way.

The simultaneous appearance of bronze about
3000 or 2800 B. C. in the south as well as in the
north of Italy can probably be attributed to a
wave of this same invasion which reached Tunis
and Sicily, passing through Egypt, where it left
behind the so-called Giza round skulls. With the
first knowledge of metals begins the Eneolithic
Period of the Italians.

The introduction into England and into Scan-
dinavia of bronze may be safely dated about one
thousand years later, around 1800 B. C. The fact
that the Alpines only bai'ely reached Ireland, and
that the invasion of Britain itself was not suffi-
ciently intensive to leave any substantial record of
its passing in the skulls of the existing population,
indicates that at this time Ireland was severed
from England, and that the land connection be-
tween England and France had been broken. The
computation of the foregoing dates, of course, is
somewhat hypothetical, but the fixed fact remains
that this last expansion of the Alpines brought
the knowledge of bronze to western and northern
Europe and to the Mediterranean and Nordic peo-
ples living there.

The effect of the introduction of bronze in the
areas occupied chiefly by the Mediterranean race

ii6 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

along the Atlantic coast and in Britain, as well as
in North Africa from Tunis to Morocco, is seen
in the wide distribution of the megalithic funeral
monuments, which appear to have been erected,
not by Alpines, but by the dolichocephs. The
occurrence of bronze tools and weapons in the
interments shows clearly that the megaliths date
from this Bronze Age. But their construction and
use continued at least until the very earliest trace
of iron appeared, and in fact mound burials
among the Vikings were common until the intro-
duction of Christianity.

The knowledge of iron as well as- bronze in Eu-
rope, centres around the area occupied by the Al-
pines in the eastern Alps and its earliest phase is
known as the Hallstatt culture, from a little town
in the Tyrol where it was first discovered. This
Hallstatt iron culture flourished about 1500 B. C.
Whether or not the Alpines introduced from Asia
or invented in Europe the smelting of iron, it was
the Nordics who benefited by its use. Bronze
weapons and the later iron ones proved in the
hands of these northern barbarians to be of terrible
effectiveness, and were first of all turned against
their Alpine teachers. With these metal swords
in their grasp, the Nordics first conquered the Al-
pines of central Europe and then suddenly en-
tered the ancient world as raiders and destroyers
of cities, and the classic civilizations of the north

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES Ii;

coasts of the Mediterranean Sea fell, one after
another, before the “Furor Normanorum,” just
as two thousand years later the provinces of Rome
were devastated by the last wave of the men of
the north, the Teutonic tribes.

The first Nordics to appear in European history
are tribes speaking Aryan tongues, in the form of
the various Celtic and related dialects in the west,
of Umbrian in Italy and of Thracian in the Bal-
kans, and these tribes, pouring down from the
north, swept with them large numbers of Alpines,
whom they had already thoroughly Nordicized.
The process of conquering and assimilating these
Alpines must have gone on for long centuries be-
fore our first historic records, and the work was so
thoroughly done that the very existence of this
Alpine race as a separate subspecies of man was
actually forgotten for thousands of years by them-
selves and by the world at large, until it was re-
vealed in our own day by the science of skull mea-
surements.

The Hallstatt iron culture did not extend into
western Europe, and the smelting and extensive
use of iron in south Britain and northwest Europe
are of much later date and occur in what is known
as the La Tene Period, usually assigned to the fifth
and fourth century B. C. Iron weapons were
known in England much earlier, perhaps as far
back as 800 or 1000 B. C., but were very rare

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE*

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

ii8

THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE ;^GES 119

• After Henry Fairfield Osborn, 1915.

120

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

and were probably importations from the Con-
tinent.

The spread of this La Tene culture is associated
with the Cymry, who constituted the last wave
of Celtic-speaking invaders into western Europe,
while the earlier Nordic Gauls and Goidels had ar-
rived in Gaul and Britain equipped with bronze
only.

In Roman times, which follow the La Tene Pe-
riod, the three main races of Europe occupied the
relative positions which they had held during the
whole Neolithic Period and which they hold to-
day, with the exception that the Nordic species
was less extensively represented in western Eu-
rope than when, a few hundred years later, the
Teutonic tribes flooded these countries; but on the
other hand, the Nordics occupied large areas in
eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Russia
now occupied by the Slavs of Alpine race, and many
countries also in central Europe were in Roman
times inhabited by fair haired, blue eyed barba-
rians, where now the population is preponderantly
brunet and becoming yearly more so.

IV

THE ALPINE RACE

The Alpine race is clearly of Eastern and Asiatic
origin. It forms the westernmost extension of a
widespread subspecies which, outside of Europe,
occupies Asia Minor, Iran, the Pamirs, and the
Hindu Kush. In fact the western Himalayas were
probably its centre of original evolution and radia-
tion, and its Asiatic members constitute a distinct
subdivision, the Armenoids.

The Alpine race is distinguished by a round face
and correspondingly round skull which in the true
Armenians has a peculiar, sugarloaf shape, a char-
acter which can be easily recognized. The Alpines
must not be confounded with the sliteyed Mongols
who centre around Thibet and the steppes of north
Asia. The fact that both these races are round
skulled does not involve identity of origin any more
than the long skulls of the Nordics and of the Medi-
terraneans require that they be both considered of
the same subspecies, although good anthropologists
have been misled by this parallelism. The Al-
pines are of stocky build and moderately short

stature, except where they have been crossed with

121

122

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Nordic elements. This race is also characterized by
dark hair, tending to a dark brown color, and in Eu-
rope at the present time the eye is usually dark but
sometimes grayish. The ancestral Proto-Alpines
from the highlands of western Asia must, of course,
have had brunet eyes, and very dark, probably
black, hair. Whether we are justified in consid-
ering gray eyes peculiar to populations of mixed
Alpine and Nordic blood is difficult to determine,
but one thing is certain, the combination of blue
eyes and flaxen hair is never Alpine.

The European Alpines retain very little of their
Asiatic origin, except the skull, and have been in
contact with the Nordic race so long that in cen-
tral and western Europe they are everywhere
saturated with the blood of that race. Many pop-
ulations now considered good Germans, such as
the majority of the Wurtembergers, Bavarians,
Austrians, Swiss, and Tyrolese, are merely Teu-
tonized Alpines.

The first appearance in Europe of the Alpines,
dates from the Azilian Period when it is represented
by the Furfooz-Grenelle race. There were, later,
several invasions of this race which entered Europe
during Neolithic times from the Asia Minor pla-
teaux, by way of the Balkans and the valley of the
Danube. It appears also to have passed north of
the Black Sea, as some slight traces have been
discovered there of round skulls which long ante-

Ceimjc Index

H()niosii])ii‘iisal|)iinis,

(lo-Hiivoftlifl'midi

Sarmatiiin,

Arvrriiiiin,

Sliivii;

I, All Norse, liwedes, Danes, Letts, many Sara, Wes, Cimmerians, Peraans, Long,
Finlanders, many Russians and Poles, Phrygians, Ackans, Dorians, Tlira- yo and lei
North (iermans, many Fren('l,Dut('!i, cians, Umbrians, Oscans, Scythians,

Flemings, English, Scotch, most Irish, Gauls, Galatians, Cymry, Belgs, many
Native Americans, Canadians, Aus- Romans, Goths, Lombards, Vandals,
tralians, Africanders, Biirgiinds, Frank, Danes, Saxons,

An^es, Norse, Normans, Varangians,
Reihengrakr.

Kurgans,

Maglcmose culture.

lirelDtis, Walodiis, Central French, .some Accadians, Sperians, Hittites, Medes. Round,

1 , l)as(|ues, Savoyards, Swiss, Tyrolese, Giza shulls, Swiss Labe Dwellers, Fur- So and o
most Soiilli Gennans, North Italians, fooz-Grenellerace.

(ifriiian-Aiistrians, Magyars, many Rubenhausen,

Poles, most Russians, Serbs, Biilgars, Round Barrows,
iiiosl Rumanians, most Greek, Turk, Bronze culture.

I Arinniiiiiis, most Persians and Afghans,

Nose

StATUEE Ha 18 CfllOE

Eve CoioE

kcte

Narrow.

Tall. Flaxen,

Blue,

All Aryan except Tchouds,

Straight,

Fair,

Gray,

Estks, many Finlanders,

Aquiline,

Red,

Grra,

and a few tribes in Siberia,

mmiiii.

Homo sapiens mediler-

laiiy English, Portuguese, Spaniards, Pelasgians, Elmscai
some Basfjiies, Provengals, South Ital- nicians. most Gre
inns, Sicilians, many Greeis and Ru- Cretans, Ikrians,
niaiiiaiis, Moors, Berbers, Egyptians, kng Barrows,
Riinls, many Persians and Afghans, Neolilhi eultnrc,

Pelasgians, Etruscans, Ligurians, Phcc- Long. High,
nicians. most Greek, many Romans, yp and lesi. Narrow,

Variable.

Medium,

Bind or

In Europe all Aiyan except

Ratkr

broad.

Stocky,

Dark brown,

diirkbrown.

Magyars and simellasqiics,

Coarse.

Heavy,

: Black,

Often hazel
or gray, in
western
Europe,

111 Asia mostly Aryan, ex-
cept Turcomans, Kirghizes,
and other nomad tribes,

Rather

1 Short.

Dark brown,

Black,

111 Europe all Aryan, except

broad.

Slender.

Black,

Darihrowii,

some Basques. In Africa

all non-Aryan. InAsiaiil
Aryan, except Dravidiaii
and other Indian tribes.

Probably Probably Non-Aryan,
very dark, very dark.

kg,(W, Low and me-
dium.

Homo saiiicns cromag- AfewlWognois,

illf Mm.

Homo iieanderthalensis, | Traces among west Irish and among the I Neanderthals,
Homo iirinikniiis. ' old lilaii lirocd of Sriitl™!. INrandwlkWik.

Long, with Lowand Narrow and Very tall and Frdrably Probably Non-Aryan,

disbarmonic broad, aquie, medium, very dark, very dark,
broad face,

6g-y6,

kng. Long. Broad, Short and Probably Probably Non-Aryan,

nnworfiil vmM vcrviiul'

THE ALPINE RACE

123

date the existing population, but the Russian
brachycephaly of to-day is of much later origin.

This race in its final expansion far to the north-
west, ultimately reached Norway, Denmark, and
Holland, and planted among the dolichocephalic
natives small colonies of round skulls, which still
exist. When this invasion reached the extreme
northwest of Europe its energy was spent, and the
invaders were soon forced back into central Eu-
rope by the Nordics. The Alpines at this time of
maximum extension, about 1800 B. C., crossed
into Britain, and a few reached Ireland and intro-
duced bronze into both these islands. As the
metal appears about the same time in Sweden, it
is safe to assume that it was introduced by this
same invasion, a record of which persists to this
day in the existence of a colony of round skulls in
southwest Norway.

Bronze culture everywhere antedates the earli-
est appearance of the Celtic-speaking Nordics in
western Europe.

The men of the Round Barrows in England
were Alpines, but their numbers were so scanty
that they have not left behind them in the skulls
of the living population any demonstrable evi-
dence of their conquest. If we are ever able to
accurately dissect out the various strains that en-
ter, in more or less minute quantities, into the blood
of the British Isles, we shall find traces of these

124 . EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Round Barrow men as well as other interesting
and ancient remnants, especially in the western
isles and peninsulas.

In the study of European populations the great
and fundamental fact about the British Isles is
the absence there to-day of Alpine round skulls.
It is the only important state in Europe in which
the round skulls play no part, and the only nation
of any rank composed solely of Nordic and Medi-
terranean races in approximately equal numbers.
To this fact is undoubtedly due many of the in-
dividualities of the English nation.

The invasion of central Europe by Alpines,
which occurred in the Neolithic, following in the
wake of the Azilian forerunners of the same type —
the Furfooz-Grenelle race — represented a very
great advance in culture. They brought with
them from Asia the art of domesticating animals
and the first knowledge of the cereals and of pot-
tery, and were an agricultural race in sharp con-
trast to the flesh eating hunters who preceded
them.

The Neolithic populations of the lake dwellings
in Switzerland and the extreme north of Italy, which
flourished about 5000 B. C., all belonged to this
Alpine race. A comparison of the scanty physical
remains of these lake dwellers with the inhabitants
of the existing villages on the lake shores demon-
strates that the skull shape has changed little or

125

THE ALPINE RACE

not at ail during the last seven thousand years,
and affords us another proof of the persistency of
unit characters.

This Alpine race in Europe is now so thoroughly
acclimated that it is no longer Asiatic in any re-
spect, and has nothing in common with the Mon-
gols except its round skulls. Such Mongolian ele-
ments as exist to-day in scattered groups through-
out eastern Europe are remnants of the later
invasions of Tatar hordes which, beginning with
Attila in the fifth century, ravaged eastern Europe
for hundreds of years.

In western and central Europe the present dis-
tribution of the Alpine race is a substantial reces-
sion from its original extent, and it has been every-
where conquered and completely swamped by Cel-
tic and Teutonic speaking Nordics. Beginning
with the first appearance of the Celtic-speaking
Nordic*: in western Europe, this race has been
obliged to give ground, but has mingled its blood
everywhere with the conquerors and now after
centuries of obscurity it appears to be increasing
again at the expense of the master race.

The Alpines reached Spain, as they reached
Britain, in small numbers and with spent force,
but they still exist along the Cantabrian Alps as
well as on the northern side of the Pyrenees, among
the French Basques. There are also dim traces
all along the north African coast of a round skull

126 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

invasion about 3000 B. C. through Syria, Egypt,
Tripoli, and Tunis, and from there through Sicily
to southern Italy.

The Alpine race forms to-day, as in Caesar’s
time, the great bulk of the population of central
France, with a Nordic aristocracy resting upon it.
They occupy, as the lower classes, the uplands of
Belgium, where, known ais Walloons, they speak an
archaic French dialect closely related to the an-
cient langue d’o'il. They form a majority of the
upland population of Alsace, Lorraine, Baden, Wiir-
temberg, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzerland, and north
Italy; in short of the entire central massif of Eu-
rope. In Bavaria and the Tyrol the Alpines are
so thoroughly Teutonized that their true racial
affinities are betrayed by their round skulls alone.

When we reach Austria we come in contact with
the Slavic-speaking nations which form a subdi-
vision of the Alpine race, appearing late in history
and radiating from the Carpathian Mountains.
In western and central Europe, in relation to the
Nordic race, the Alpine is everywhere the ancient,
underlying, and submerged type. The fertile lands,
river valleys, and the cities are in the hands of the
Teutons, but in eastern Germany and Poland we
find conditions reversed. Here is an old Nordic
broodland, with a Nordic substratum underlying
the bulk of the peasantry, which now consists of
round skull Alpine Slavs. On top of these again we

THE ALPINE R,\CE

127

have an aristocratic upper class of relatively recent
introduction. In eastern Germany this upper
class is Saxon, and in Austria it is Swabian and
Bavarian.

The introduction of Slavs in east Germany is
known to be by infiltration, and not by conquest.
In the fourth century these Wends were called
Venethi, Antes, and Sclaveni, and were described
as strong in numbers but despised in war. Through
the neglect of the Teutons they were allowed to
range far and wide from their homes near the
northeastern Carpathians, and to occupy the lands
formerly belonging to the German nations, who
had abandoned their country and flocked into the
Roman Empire. Goth, Burgund, Lombard, and
Vandal were replaced by the lowly Wend, and his
descendants to-day form the privates in the east
German regiments, while the officers are every-
where recruited from the Nordic upper class. The
mediaeval relation of these Slavic tribes to the
tlominant Teuton, is well expressed in the mean-
ing — slave — ^which has been attached to their name
in western languages.

The occupation of eastern Germany and Poland
by the Slavs probably occurred from 400 A. D. to
700 A. D., but these Alpine elements were rein-
forced from the east and south from time to time
during the succeeding centuries. Beginning early
in the tenth century, under their Emperor, Henry

128 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the Fowler, the Saxons turned their attention east-
ward, and during the next two centuries they re-
conquered and thoroughly Germanized all this
section of Europe.

A similar series of changes in racial predominance
took place in Russia where, in addition to a nobil-
ity largely Nordic, a section of the population is of
ancient Nordic type, although the bulk of the peas-
antry consists of Alpine Slavs.

The Alpines in eastern Europe are represented
by various branches of the Slavic nations. Their
area of distribution was split into two sections by
the occupation of the great Dacian plain by the
Hungarians in about 900 A. D. These Magyars
came from somewhere in eastern Russia beyond
the sphere of Aryan speech, and their invasion
separated the northern Slavs, known as Wends,
Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles, from the southern Slavs,
known as Serbs and Croats. These southern Slavs
entered the Balkan Peninsula in the sixth century
from the northeast, and to-day form the great mass
of the population there.

The center of radiation of all these Slavic-speak-
ing Alpines was located in the Carpathians, espe-
cially the Ruthenian districts of Galicia and east-
ward to the neighborhood of the Pripet swamps
and the head-waters of the Dnieper in Polesia,
where the Slavic dialects are believed to have
developed, and whence they spread throughout

THE ALPINE RACE

129

Russia about tlie c ighth century. These early
Slavs were probaolj' the Sarmatians of the Greek
and Roman writers, and their name “Venethi”
seems to have !)een a later designation. The orig-
inal Proto-Slavic language, being Aryan, must have
been at some distant date imposed by Nordics on
the Alpines, but Ts development into the present
Slavic tongues was chiefiy the work of Alpines.

In other words, the expansion of the Alpines of
the Slavic-speaking group seems to have occurred
between 400 and 900 A. D., and they have spread
in the East over areas which were originally Nor-
dic, very much as the Teutons had previously
overrun and submerged the earlier Alpines in the
West. The Mongol, Tatar, and Turk, who in-
vaded Europe much later, have little in common
with the Alpine race, except the round skull. All
these purely Asiatic types have been thoroughly
absorbed and Europeanized, except in certain locali-
ties in Russia, especially in the east and south,
whtire Mongoloid tribes have maintained their
lype either in isolated and relatively large groups,
or side by side with their Slavic neighbors. In both
cases the isolation is maintained by religious and
social differences.

The Avars, also of Asiatic origin, preceded the
Magyars in Hungary and the Slav.s in the Balkans,
but they have merged with the latter without leav-
ing traces that can be identified, unless certain

130 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Mongoloid characters found in Bulgaria are of this
origin.

The original physical type of the Magyars and
the European Turks has now practically vanished,
as a result of prolonged ifftermarriage with the
original inhabitants of Hungary and the Balkans.
These tribes have left little behind but their lan-
guage, and in the case of the Turks, their religion.
The brachycephalic Hungarians to-day resemble
the Austrian-Germans much more than they do the
Slavic-speaking populations surrounding them on
the north and south, or the Rumanians on the east.

Following in the wake of the Avars, the Bul-
garians appeared south of the Danube about the
end of the seventh century, coming from eastern
Russia, where the remnants of their kindred still
persist along the Volga. To-day they conform
physically in the western half of the country with
the Alpine Serbs, and in the eastern half with the
Mediterranean race, as do also the Rumanians of
the Black Sea coast.

Little or nothing remains of the ancestral Bul-
gars except their name. Language, religion, and
nearly, but not quite all, of the physical types have
disappeared.

The early members of the Nordic race, in order
to reach the Mediterranean world, had to pass
through the Alpine populations, and must have
absorbed a certain amount of Alpine blood. There-

THE ALPINE IL\CE

fore the Umbrians in Italy and the Gauls of west-
ern Europe, while predominantly Nordic, were
more mixed with Alpine blood than were the Bel-
gae or Cymry, or their Teutonic successors, who,
as Goths, Vandals, Burgundians, Helvetians, Ale-
manni, Saxons, Franks, Lombards, Danes, and
Northmen, appear in history as pure Nordics of
the Teutonic group.

In some portions of their range, notably Savo}'^
and central France, the Alpine race is much less
affected by Nordic influence than elsewhere, but
on the other hand shows signs of a very ancient
admixture with Mediterranean and even earlier
elements. Brachycephalic Alpine populations in
comparative purity still exist in the interior of
Brittany, although almost completely surrounded
by Nordic populations.

’.Vhile the Alpines were everywhere swamped
and driven to the fastnesses of the mountains, the
warlike and restless nature of the Nordics has en-
aUed the more stable Alpine population to slowly
reassert itself, and Europe is probrbly much more
Alpine to-day than it was fifteen himdred years ago.

The early Alpines made very large contribu-
tions to the civilization of the world, and were the
medium through which many advances in culture
were introduced from Asia into Europe. This
race at the time of its first appearance in the west
brought to the nomad hunters the knowledge of

132

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

agriculture and of primitive pottery and of the
domestication of animals, and thus made possible
a great increase in population and the establish-
ment of permanent settlements. Still later its
final expansion was the means through which the
knowledge of metals reached the Mediterranean
and Nordic populations of the west and north.
Upon the appearance on the scene of the Nordics
the Alpine race lost its identity and sank to the
subordinate and obscure position which it still
occupies.

In western Asia members of this race are en-
titled to the honor of the earliest civilization of
which we have knowledge, namely, that of Sumer
and its northerly neighbor, Accad in Mesopotamia.
It is also the race of Susa, Elam, and Media. In
fact, the whole of Mesopotamian civilization
belongs to this race with the exception of later
Babylonia and Assyria, which were Arabic and
Semitic, and of Persia and the empire of the Kas-
sites, which were Nordic and Aryan.

In classic, mediaeval, and modern times the Al-
pines have played an unimportant part in Euro-
pean culture, and in western Europe they have
been so thoroughly Nordicized that they exist
rather as an element in Nordic race development
than as an independent tj^e. There are, however,
many indications in current history which point
to a great development of civilization in the Slavic

THE ALPINE RACE

133

branches of this race, and the world must be pre-
pared to face, as one of the results of the present
war, a great industrial and cultural expansion in
Russia, perhaps based on military power.

V

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

The Mediterranean subspecies, formerly called
the Iberian, is a relatively small, light boned,
long skulled race, of brimet color becoming even
swarthy in certain portions of its range. Through-
out Neolithic times and possibly still earlier, it
seems to have occupied, just as it does to-day, all
the shores of the Mediterranean, including the coast
of Africa from Morocco on the west to Egypt on
the east. The Mediterraneans are the western
members of a subspecies of man which forms a
substantial part of the population of Persia, Afghan-
istan, Baluchistan, and Hindustan, with perhaps a
southward extension into Ceylon.

The Aryanized Afghan and Hindu of northern
India speak languages derived from Old Sanskrit,
and are distantly related to the Mediterranean race.
Aside from a common dolichocephaly these peoples
are entirely distinct from the Dravidians of south
India whose speech is agglutinative and who show
strong evidence of profound mixture with the
ancient negrito substratum of southern Asia.

Everywhere throughout the Asiatic portion of

134

TEE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 135

its range the Mediterranean race overlies an even
more ancient negroid race. These negroids still
have representatives among the Pre-Dravidians of
India, the Veddahs of Ceylon, the Sakai of the Ma-
lay Peninsula, and the natives of the Andaman
Islands.

This Mediterranean subspecies at the close of
the Paleolithic spread from the basin of the Inland
Sea northward by way of Spain throughout west-
ern Europe, including the British Isles, and, before
the final expansion of the Alpines, was widely dis-
tributed up to and touching the domain of the
Nordic dolichocephs. It did not cross the Alps
from the south, but spread around the mountains
across the Rhine into western Germany.

In all this vast range from the British Isles to
Hindustan, it is not to be supposed that there is
identity of race. Certain portions, however, of
the populations of the countries throughout this
long stretch do show in their physique clear indi-
cations of descent from a Neolithic lace of a com-
mon original type, which we may call Proto-Medi-
terranean.

Quite apart from inevitable admixture with late
Nordic and early Paleolithic elements, the little
brunet Englishman has had perhaps ten thousand
years of independent evolution during which he
has undergone selection due to the climatic and
physical conditions of his northern habitat. The

136 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

result is that he has specialized far away from the
Proto-Mediterranean race which contributed this
blood originally to Britain, probably while it was
still a part of continental Europe.

On the other end of the range of the Mediter-
ranean species, this race in India has been crossed
with Dravidians and with Pre-Dravidian negroids.
The Mediterraneans in India have also had imposed
upon them other ethnic elements which came over
through the Afghan passes from the northwest.
The resultant racial mixture in India has had its
own line of specialization. Residence in the fertile
but unhealthy river bottoms, the direct rays of a
tropic sun, and competition with the immemorial
autochthones have unsparingly weeded generation
after generation, until the existing Hindu has little
in common with the ancestral Proto-Mediterranean.

It is to the Mediterranean race in the British
Isles that the English, Scotch, and Americans
owe whatever brunet characters they possess. In
central Europe it underlies the Alpine race, and,
in fact, wherever this race is in contact with either
the Alpines or the Nordics, it appears to represent
the more ancient stratum of the population.

So far as we know, this Mediterranean type never
existed in Scandinavia, and all brunet elements
found there are to be attributed to introductions
in historic times. Nor did the Mediterranean race
ever enter or cross the high Alps as did the Nor-

THE MEDITERR/.NEAN RACE

137

dies, at a much lah.r date, on their way to the Medi-
terranean basin from the Baltic coasts.

The Mediterranean race with its Asiatic exten-
sions is bordered everywhere on the north of its
enormous range from Spain to India by round
skulls, but there dvjes not seem to be as much evi-
dence of mixture between these two subspecies of
man as there is between the Alpines and the Nor-
dics.

Along its southern boundary the Mediterranean
race is in contact with either the long skull negroes
of Ethiopia, or the ancient negrito population of
southern Asia. In Africa this race has drifted
southward over the Sahara and up the Nile val-
ley, and has modified the blood of the negroes
in both the Senegambian and equatorial regions.

Beyond these mixtures of blood, there is abso-
lutely no relationship between the Mediterranean
race and the negroes. The fact that the Mediter-
ranean race is long skulled as well as the negro,
docs not indicate relationship as has been suggested.
Overemphasis of the importance of the skull shape
as a somatological charactei can easily be mislead-
ing, and other unit characters than skull propor-
tions must also be carefully considered in all deter-
minations of race.

Africa north of the Sahara, from a zoological
point of view, is now, and has been since early
Tertiary times, a part of Europe. This is true

138 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

both of animals and of the races of man. The
Berbers of north Africa to-day ar^ racially identi-
cal with the Spaniards and south Italians and the
ancient Egyptians and their modern descendants,
the fellaheen, are merely clearly marked varieties
of this Mediterranean race.

The Egyptians fade off toward the south into
the so-called Hamitic people (to use an obsolete
name), and the infusion of negro blood becomes
increasingly great, until we finally reach the pure
negro. On the east in Arabia we find an ancient
and highly specialized subdivision of the Mediter-
ranean race, which has from time out of mind
crossed the Red Sea and infused its blood into
the negroes of east Africa.

To-day the Mediterranean race forms in Europe
a substantial part of the population of the British
Isles, the great bulk of the population of the Ibe-
rian Peninsula, nearly one-third of the population
of France, Liguria, Italy south of the Apennines,
and all the Mediterranean coasts and islands,
in some of which, like Sardinia, it exists in great
purity. It forms the substratum of the popu-
lation of Greece and of the eastern coasts of the
Balkan Peninsula. Everywhere in the interior,
except in eastern Bulgaria and Rumania, it has
been replaced by the South Slavs and by the Al-
banians, the latter a mixture of the ancient Illy-
rians and the Slavs.

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

139

In the British Isles the Mediterranean race rep-
resents the Pre-h ordic population and exists in
considerable numbers in Wales and in certain por-
tions of Englanc , notably in the Fen districts to
the north cf Londo 1. In Scotland it is nearly oli-
iitera ted, leaving behind only its brunetness as an
indication of its former prevalence, though it is
now often associated there with tall stature.

This is the race that gave the world the great
civilizations of Egypt, of Crete, of Phoenicia in-
cluding Carthage, of Etruria and of Mycenaean
Greece. It gave us, when mixed and invigorated
with Nordic elements, the most splendid of all
civilizations, that of ancient Hellas, and the most
enduring of political organizations, the Roman
State.

To what extent the Mediterranean race entered
into the blood and civilization of Rome, it is now
difficult to say, but the traditions of the Eternal
City, its love of organization, of law and military
efficiency, as well as the Roman ileals of family
life, loyalty, and truth, point clearly to a Nordic
rather than to a Mediterranean origin.

The struggles in early Rome between Latin and
Etruscan, and the endless quarrels between patri-
cian and plebeian, arose from the existence in
Rome, side by side, of two distinct and clashing
races, probably Nordic and Mediterranean respec-
tively. The northern qualities of Rome are in

140

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

sharp contrast to the Levantine traits of the
classic Greeks, whose volatile and analytical
spirit, lack of cohesion, political incapacity, and
ready resort to treason, all point clearly to south-
ern and eastern affinities.

While very ancient, present for probably ten
thousand years in western and southern Europe, and
even longer on the south shore of the Mediterranean,
nevertheless this race cannot be called purely
European. The route of its migration along the
north coast of Africa, and up the west coast of
Europe, can be traced everywhere by its beauti-
fully polished stone weapons and tools. The Meg-
alithic monuments also are found in association
with this race, and mark its line of advance in
western Europe, although they extend beyond the
range of the Mediterraneans into the domain of the
Scandinavian Nordics. These huge stone struc-
tures were chiefly sepulchral memorials and appear
to have been based on an imitation of the Egyptian
funeral monuments. They date back to the first
knowledge of the manufacture and use of bronze
tools by the Mediterranean race, and they occur
in great numbers, vast size, and considerable vari-
ety along the north coast of Africa and up the
Atlantic seaboard through Spain, Brittany, and
England to Scandinavia.

It is admitted that the various groups of the
Mediterranean race did not speak, in the first in-

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 141

stance, any form of Aryan tongue. Ihese Aryan
languages we knov/ were introduced into the Medi-
terranean world from the north. We have in the
Basque tongue to-day a survival of one of the
Pre-,\ryan languages, which were spoken by the
Mediterranean population of the Iberian Peninsula
before the arrival of the Aryan-speaking Gauls of
Nordic race.

The language of these invaders was Celtic, and
replaced over most of the country the ancient
speech of the natives, only in turn to be superseded,
along with the Phoenician spoken in some of the
southern coast towns, by the Latin of the conquer-
ing Roman, and Latin, mixed with some small ele-
ments of Gothic construction and Arabic vocabu-
lary forms the basis of modern Portuguese, Cas-
tilian, and Catalan.

The native Mediterranean race of the Iberian
Peninsula quickly absorbed the blood of these con-
quering Gauls, just as it later diluted beyond
recognition the vigorous physical characters of the
Teutonic Vandals, Suevi, and Visigoths. A cer-
tain amount of Nordic blood still persists to-day
in northwestern Spain, especially in Galicia and
along the Pyrenees, as well as generally among the
upper classes. The Romans leit no evidence of
their domination except in their language and re-
ligion; while the earlier Phoenicians on the coasts,
and the later swarms of Moors and Arabs all over

142

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the peninsula, but chiefly in the south, were closely
related by race to the native Iberians.

That portion of the Mediterranean race which
inhabits southern France oocupies the territory of
ancient Languedoc and Provence, and it was these
Provencals who developed and preserved during
the Middle Ages the romantic civilization of the
Albigensians, a survival of classic culture, which
was drowned in blood by a crusade from the north
in the thirteenth century.

In North Italy only the coast of Liguria is occu-
pied by the Mediterranean race. In the valley of
the Po the Mediterraneans were the predominant
race during the early Neolithic, but with the in-
troduction of bronze the Alpines appear, and round
skulls to this day prevail north of the Apennines.
About iioo B. C. the Nordic Umbrians and Oscans
swept over the Alps from the northeast, conquered
northern Italy and introduced their Aryan speech,
which gradually spread southward. The Um-
brian state was afterward overwhelmed by the
Etruscans, who were of Mediterranean race, and
who, by 800 B. C. had extended their empire
northward to the Alps. In the sixth century B. C.
new swarms of Nordics, coming this time from
Gaul and speaking Celtic dialects, seized the val-
ley of the Po, and in 390 B. C. these Gauls, rein-
forced from the north and under the leadership of
Brennus, stormed Rome and completely destroyed

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

143

the Etruscan power. From that time onward the
valley of the Po became kn >wn as Cisalpine Gaul.
Mixed with Nordic elements, chiefly Gothic and
Lombard, this populadon persists to this day, and
is the backbone of n odern Italy.

A similar movement of these same Gaul:, or
Galatians, as the Greek world called them, start-
ing from northern Italy, occurred a century later
when these Nordics suddenly appeared before Del-
phi in Greece in 279 B. C., and then swept over
into Asia Minor and founded the state called Gala-
tia, which endured until Christian times.

South Italy, until its conquest by Rome, was
Magna Graecia, and the population to-day retains
many Pelasgian Greek elements. It is among these
Hellenic remnants that artists search for the hand-
somest types of the Mediterranean race. In Sicily
also the race is purely Mediterranean in spite of
the admixture of types coming from the neighbor-
ing coasts of Tunis. These intrusive elements,
h )we\'er, were all of kindred race. Traces of
Alpine elements in these regions and on the ad-
joining African coast are very scarce, and are to
be referred to the great and final wave of round
skull invasion which introduced bronze into Eu-
rope.

In Greece the Mediterranean Pelasgians, who
spoke a non-Aryan tongue, were swamped by the
Nordic Achaeans, who entered from the northeast

144 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

according to tradition prior to 1250 B, C., prob-
ably between 1400 and 1300 B. C. There were
also probably still earlier waves of these same Nor-
dic invaders as far back as 1700 B. C., which was
a period of migration throughout the ancient world.
These Achseans were armed with iron weapons of
the Hallstatt culture, with which they conquered
the bronze using natives. The two races, as yet
unmixed, stand out in clear contrast in the Homeric
account of the siege of Troy, which is generally
assigned to the date of 1194 to 1184 B. C.

The same invasion that brought the Achasans
into Greece brought a related Nordic people to
the coast of Asia Minor, known as Phrygians. Of
this race were the Trojan leaders.

Both the Trojans and the Greeks were com-
manded by huge blond princes, the heroes of Ho-
mer, while the bulk of the armies on both sides was
composed of little brunet Pelasgians, imperfectly
armed and remorselessly butchered by the leaders
on either side. The only common soldiers men-
tioned by Homer as of the same race as the heroes,
were the Myrmidons of Achilles.

About the time that the Achaeans and the Pelas-
gians began to amalgamate, new hordes of Nordic
barbarians, collectively called Hellenes, entered
from the northern mountains and destroyed this
old Homeric-Mycenaean civilization. This Dorian
invasion took place a little before 1160 B. C. and

THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

145

brought iii the three main Nordic strains of Circcce,
the Dorian, the ^oiian and the Ionian groups,
which remain more or less distinct and separate
throughout Greek history. It is more than prob-
able that this invasion or swarming of Nordics
into Greece was part of the same general racial
upheaval that brought the Umbrians and Oscans
into Italy.

Long years of intense and bitter conflict follow
between the old population and the newcomers,
and when the turmoil of this revolution settled
down, classic Greece appears. What was left of
the Achaeans retired to the northern Peloponnesus,
and the survivors of the early Pelasgian popula-
tion remained in Messenia serving as helots their
Spartan masters. The Greek colonies in Asia
Minor were founded by refugees fleeing from these
Dorian invaders.

The Pelasgian strain seems to have persisted
best in Attica and the Ionian states. The Dorian
Spartans appear to have retained inore of the char-
acter of the northern barbarians than the Ionian
Greeks, but the splendid civilization of Hellas was
due to a fusion of the two elements, the Achaean
and Hellene of Nordic, and the Pelasgian of Medi-
terranean race.

The contrast between Dorian Sparta and Ionian
Athens, between the military efficiency, thorough
organization; and sacrifice of the citizen for the

146 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

welfare of the state, which constituted the basis
of the Laceda'monian power, and the Attic bril-
Ivancy, instability, and extreme development of
individualism, is strikingly like the contrast be-
tween Prussia with its Spartan-like culture and
France with its Athenian versatility.

To this mixture of the two races in classic Greece
the Mediterranean Pelasgians contributed their
Mycenaean culture and the Nordic Achaeans and
Hellenes contributed their Aryan language, fighting
efficiency, and the European aspect of Greek life.

The first result of a crossing of two such con-
trasted subspecies as the Nordic and Mediterra-
nean races, has repeatedly been a new outburst of
culture. This occurs as soon as the older race has
imparted to the conquerors its civilization, and
before the victors have allowed their blood to be
swamped by mixture. This process seems to have
happened several times in Greece.

Later, in 339 B. C., when the original Nordic
blood had been hopelessly diluted by mixture with
the ancient Mediterranean elements, Hellas fell
an easy prey to Macedon. The troops of Philip
and Alexander were Nordic and represented the
uncultured but unmixed ancestral type of the
Achajans and Hellenes. Their unimpaired fighting
strength was irresistible as soon as it was organ-
ized into the Macedonian phalanx, whether directed
against their degenerate brother Greeks, or against

THE MEDITERRANiiAN RACE 147

the Persians, whose o -iginal Nordic elements had
also by this tine practically disappeared. When
in its turn the pure Mricedonian blood was im-
paired by intermixture with Asiatics, they, too,
vanished, and even the royal Macedonian dynas
ties in Asia and Egypt soon ceased to be Nordic
or Greek except in language and customs.

It is interesting to note that the Greek states
in which the Nordic element was most predomi-
nant outlived the other states. Athens fell before
Sparta, and Thebes outlived them both. Macedon
in classic times was considered quite the most bar-
barous state in Hellas, and was scarcely recognized
as forming part of Greece, but it was through the
military power of its armies and the genius of Alex-
ander that the Levant and western Asia became
Hellenized. Alexander, with his Nordic features,
aquiline nose, gently curling yellow hair, and mixed
eyes, ^he left blue and the right very black, typifies
this Nordic conquest of the Near East.

It is not possible to-day to f nd in purity the
physical traits of the ancient race in the Greek-
speaking lands and islands, and it is chiefly among
the pure Nordics of Anglo-Norman type that there
occur those smooth and regular classic features,
especially the brow and nose lines, that were the
delight of the sculptors of Hellas.

So far as modern Europe is concerned culture
came from the south and not from the east, and to

148 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

this Mediterranean subspecies is due the founda-
tion of our civilization. The ancient Mediterranean
world was of this race; the long-sustained civiliza-
tion of Egypt, which endured during thousands of
years of almost uninterrupted sequence; the bril-
liant Minoan Empire of Crete, which flourished
between 4000 and 1200 B. C., and was the ancestor
of the Mycenaean cultures of Greece, Cyprus, Italy,
and Sardinia; the mysterious empire of Etruria,
the predecessor and teacher of Rome; the Hellenic
states and colonies throughout the Mediterranean
and Black Seas; the maritime and mercantile
power of Phoenicia and its mighty colony, imperial
Carthage; all were the creation of this race. The
sea empire of Crete, when its royal palace at Cnos-
sos was burned by the ‘sea peoples’ of the north,
passed to Tyre, Sidon, and Carthage, and from them
to the Greeks, so that the early development of
the art of navigation is to be attributed to this
race, and from them the north, centuries later,
learned its maritime architecture.

Even though the Mediterranean race has no
claim to the invention of the synthetic languages,
and though it played a relatively small part in the
development of the civilization of the Middle
Ages or of modern times, nevertheless to it belongs
the chief credit of the classic civilization of Europe,
in the sciences, art, poetry, literature, and philoso-
phy, as well as the major part of the civilization of

THE MEDITERRANEAN I^Cp 149

Greece, and a very large share in the Empire of *
Rome.

In the Eastern Empire the Mediterraneans were
the predominant factor under the guise of Byzan-
tine Greeks. Owing to the fact that our histories
have been written under the influence of Roman
orthodoxy, and because in the eyes of the Frank-
ish Crusaders the Byzantine Greeks were hen tics,
they have been regarded by us as degenerate cow-
ards.

But throughout the Middle Ages Byzantium
represented in unbroken sequence the Empire of
Rome in the East, and as the capital of that em-
pire it held Mohammedan Asia in check for nearly
a thousand years. When at last in 1453 the im-
perial city, deserted by western Christendom, was
stormed by the Ottoman Turks, and Constantine,
last of Roman Emperors, fell sword in hand, there
v/as enacted one of the greatest tragedies of all
time.

With the fall of Constantinople the Empire of
Rome passes finally from the scene of history, and
the development of civilization is transferred from
Mediterranean lands and Mediterranean race to
the North Sea and the Nordic race.

VI

THE NORDIC RACE

We have shown that the Mediterranean race
entered Europe from the south and forms part of
a great group of peoples extending into southern
Asia, that the Alpine race came from the east
through Asia Minor and the valley of the Danube,
and that its present European distribution is merely
the westernmost point of an ethnic pyramid, the
base of which rests solidly on the round skulled
peoples of the great plateaux of central Asia.
Both of these races are, therefore, western exten-
sions of Asiatic subspecies, and neither of them can
be considered as exclusively European.

With the remaining race, the Nordic, however,
the case is different. This is a purely European
type, and has developed its physical characters
and its civilization within the confines of that con-
tinent. It is, therefore, the Homo europcBus, the
white man par excellence. It is everywhere char-
acterized by certain unique specializations, namely,
blondness, wavy hair, blue eyes, fair skin, high,
narrow and straight nose, which are associated with
great stature, and a long skull, as well as with

abundant head and body hair.

150

THE NORDIC RACE

151

This abundance of hair is an ancient and gener-
alized charactei which the Nordics share with the
Alpines of both Europe and Asia, but the light col-
ored eyes and light colored hair are characters of
relatively recent specialization and consequently
highly unstable.

The pure Nordic race is at present clustered
around the shores of the Baltic and North Seas,
from which is has spread west and south and east
in every direction, fading off gradually into the two
preceding races.

The centre of its greatest purity is now in Swe-
den, and there is no doubt that at first the Scan-
dinavian Peninsula, and later the immediately ad-
joining shores of the Baltic, were the centres of
radiation of the Teutonic or Scandinavian branch
of this race.

The population of Scandinavia has been composed
of this Nordic subspecies from the beginning of Neo-
lithic times, and Sweden to-day represents one of
the few countries which has never been over-
whelmed by foreign conquest, and in which there
has been but a single racial type from the begin-
ning. This nation is unique for its unity of race,
language, religion, and social ideals.

Southern Scandinavia only became fit for hu-
man habitation on the retreat of the glaciers about
twelve thousand years ago and apparently was im-
mediately occupied by the Nordic race. This is one

152 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

of the few geological dates which is absolute and
not relative. It rests on a most interesting series
of computations made by Baron DeGeer, based on
an actual count of the laminated deposits of clay
laid down annually by the retreating glaciers, each
layer representing the summer deposit of the sub-
glacial stream.

The Nordics first appear at the close of the
Paleolithic along the coasts of the Baltic. The
earliest industry discovered in this region is known
as the Maglemose, found in Denmark and else-
where around the Baltic, and is probably the cul-
ture of the Proto-Teutonic branch of the Nordic
race. No human remains have as yet been found.

The vigor and power of the Nordic race as a
whole is such that it could not have been evolved
in so restricted an area as southern Sweden, al-
though its Teutonic section did develop there in
comparative isolation. The Nordics must have had
a larger field for their specialization, and a longer
period for their evolution, than is afforded by
the limited time which has elapsed since Sweden
became habitable. For the development of so
marked a type there is required a continental area
isolated and protected for long ages from the in-
trusion of other races. The climatic conditions
must have been such as to impose a rigid elimi-
nation of defectives through the agency of hard
winters and the necessity of industry and foresight

153

THE NORDIC RACE

in providing the year’s food, clothing, and shelter
during the ^ort summer. Such demands on en-
ergy, if long continued, would produce a strong,
virile, and self-contained race which would inevi-
tably overwhelm in battle nations whose weaker
elements had not been purged by the conditions of
an equally severe environment.

An area conforming to these requirements is
offered by the forests and plains of eastern Ger-
many, Poland, and Russia. It was here that the
Proto-Nordic type evolved, and here their remnants
are found. They were protected from Asia on the
east by the then almost continuous water connec-
tions across eastern Russia between the White Sea
and the old Caspian-Aral Sea.

During the last glacial advance (the Wiirm gla-
ciation), which, like the preceding glacial advances,
is believed to have been a period of land depres-
sion, the White Sea extended far to the south of
its present limits, while the enlarged Caspian Sea,
then and long afterward connected with the Sea
of Aral, extended northward to the great bend of
the Volga. The intermediate area was studded
with large lakes and morasses. Thus an almost
complete water barrier of shallow sea, located just
west of the low Ural Mountains, separated Europe
from Asia during the Wiirm glaciation and long
afterward. The broken connection was restored
just before the dawn of history by the slight ele-

154 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

vation of the land and the shrinking of the Cas-
pian-Aral Sea through increasing desiccation which
left its present surface below sea level.

An important element in the isolation of this
Nordic cradle on the south is the fact that from the
earliest times down to this day the pressure of pop-
ulation has everywhere been from the bleak and
sterile north southward and eastward into the
sunny and enervating lands of France, Italy,
Greece, Persia, and India.

In these forests and steppes of the north, the
Nordic race gradually evolved in isolation, and at
a very early date occupied the Scandinavian Pen-
insula, together with much of the land now sub-
merged under the Baltic and North Seas.

Nordic strains form everywhere a substratum
of population throughout Russia and underlie the
round skull Slavs who first appear a little over a
thousand years ago as coming, not from the direc-
tion of Asia, but from south Poland. Burial mounds
called kurgans are widely scattered throughout
Russia from the Carpathians to the Urals, and con-
tain numerous remains of a dolichocephalic race;
in fact, more than three-fourths of the skulls are
of this type. Round skulls first become numer-
ous in ancient Russian graveyards about 900 A. D.,
and soon increase to such -an extent that in the
Slavic period from the ninth to the thirteenth cen-
turies one-half of the skulls were brachycephalic.

THE NORDIC RACE

I5S

while in modem cemeteries the proportion of round
skulls is still greater. This ancient Nordic element,
however, still forms a very considerable portion of
the population of northern Russia and contributes
the blondness and the red-headedness so charac-
teristic of the Russian of to-day. As we leave
the Baltic coasts the Nordic characters fade out
both toward the south and east. The blond ele-
ment in the nobility of Russia is of later Scandi-
navian and Teutonic origin.

When the seas which separated Russia from Asia
dried up, and when the isolation and exacting cli-
mate of the north had done their work and pro-
duced the vigorous Nordic type, these men burst
upon the southern races, conquering east, south,
and west. They brought with them from the
north the hardihood and vigor acquired under the
rigorous selection of a long winter season, and
vanquished in battle the inhabitants of older and
feebler civilizations, only in their turn to succumb
to the softening influences of a life of ease and
plenty in their new homes.

The earliest appearance in history of Aryan-
speaking Nordics is our first dim vision of the Sacae
introd u cing tj^ San skrit into India, the Cimme^
rians pouring through the passes of the Caucasus
from the grasslands of south Russia to invade the
Empire of the Medes, and the Achaeans and
Phrygians conquering Greece and the .^Egean coast

156 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

of Asia Minor. About 1100 B. C. Nordics enter
Italy as Umbrians and Oscans, and soon after
cross the Rhine into Gaul. This western vanguard
was composed of Celtic-speaking tribes which had
long occupied those districts in Germany which lay
south and west of the Teutonic-speaking Nordics,
who at this early date were probably confined to
Scandinavia and the immediate shores of the
Baltic, and were beginning to press southward.

This first wave of Nordics seems to have swept
westward along the sandy plains of northern Eu-
rope, entering France through the Low Countries.
From this point as Goidels they spread north into
Britain, reaching there about 800 B. C. As Gauls
they conquered all France and pushed on south and
west into Spain, and over the Maritime Alps into
northern Italy, where they encountered their kin-
dred Nordic Umbrians, who at an earlier date had
crossed the Alps from the northeast. Other Celtic-
speaking Nordics apparently migrated up the Rhine
and down the Danube, and by the time the Ro-
mans came on the scene the Alpines of central
Europe had been thoroughly Celticized. These
tribes pushed eastward into southern Russia and
reached the Crimea as early as the fourth century
B. C. Mixed with the natives, they were called by
the Greeks the Celto-Scythf. This swarming out
of Germany of the first Nordics was during the
closing phases of the Bronze Period, and was con-

157

THE NORDIC- RACE

temporary with, and probably caused by, the first
great expansion of the Teutons from Scandinavia
by way both of Denmark and the Baltic coasts.

These invaders were succeeded by a second wave
of Celtic-speaking peoples, the Cymry, who drove
their Goidelic predecessors still farther west and
exterminated and absorbed them over large areas.
These Cymric invasions occurred about 300-100
B. C., and were probably the result of the growing
development of the Teutons and their final expul-
sion of the Celtic-speaking tribes from Germany.
These Cymry occupied northern France under the
name of Belgae and invaded England as Brythons,
and their conquests in both Gaul and Britain were
only checked by the legions of Cassar.

These migrations are exceedingly hard to trace
because of the confusion caused by the fact that
Celtic speech is now found on the lips of popu-
lations In nowise related to the Nordics who first
introduced it. But one fact stands out clearly,
all the original Celtic-speaking tiibes were purely
Nordic.

What were the special physical characters of
these tribes, in which they differed from their Teu-
tonic successors, is now impossible to say, beyond
the possible suggestion that in the British Isles the
Scottish and Irish populations in which red hair
and gray or green eyes are abundant have rather
more of this Celtic strain in them than have the

158 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

flaxen haired Teutons, whose china blue eyes are
clearly not Celtic.

When the peoples called Gauls or Celts by the
Romans, and Galatians by the Greeks, first appear
in history, they are described in exactly the same
terms as were later the Teutons. They were all
gigantic barbarians with fair and very often red
hair, then more frequent than to-day, with gray cfr
fiercely blue eyes, and were thus clearly members
of the Nordic subspecies.

The first Celtic-speaking nations with whom the
Romans came in contact were Gaulish, and had
probably incorporated much Alpine blood by the
time they crossed the mountains into the domain
of classic history. The Nordic element had be-
come still weaker by absorption from the con-
quered populations, when at a later date the Ro-
mans broke through the ring of Celtic nations and
came into contact with the purely Nordic Cymry
and Teutons.

After these early expansions of Gauls and Cymry,
the Teutons appear upon the scene. Of the pure
Teutons within the ken of history, it is not neces-
sary to mention more than the most important of
the long series of conquering tribes.

The greatest of them all were perhaps the
Goths, who came originally from the south of
Sweden and were long located on the opposite
German coast, at the mouth of the Vistula. From

THE NORDIC RACE

159

here they crossed Poland to the Crimea, where they
were known in the first century. Three hundred
years later they were driven westward by the Huns
and forced into the Dacian plain and over the
Danube into the Roman Empire. Here they split
up; the Ostrogoths after a period of subjection to
the Hims on the Danube, ravaged the European
provinces of the Eastern Empire, conquered Italy,
and founded there a great but shortlived nation.
The Visigoths occupied much of Gaul and then
entered Spain, driving the Vandals before them
into Africa. The Teutons and Cimbri destroyed
by Marius in southern Gaul about 100 B. C.; the
Gepidae; the Alans; the Suevi; the Vandals; the
Helvetians; the Alemanni of the upper Rhine; the
Marcomanni; the Saxons; the Batavians; the Fris-
ians; the Angles; the Jutes, the Lombards and the
Heruli of Italy; the Burgundians of the east of
France; the Franks of the lower Rhine; the Danes;
and latest of all, the Norse Vikings, swept through
history. Less well known but of great importance,
are the Varangians, who, coming from Sweden in
the ninth and tenth centuries, conquered the coast
of the Gulf of Finland and much of White Russia,
and left there a dynasty and aristocracy of Norse
blood. In the tenth and eleventh centuries they
were the rulers of Russia.

The traditions of Goths, Vandals, Lombards,
and Burgundians all point to Sweden as their

i6o EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

earliest homeland, and probably all the pure Ger-
manic tribes came originally from Scandinavia and
were closely related.

When these Teutonic tribes poured down from
the Baltic coasts, their Celtic-speaking Nordic
predecessors were already much mixed with the
underlying populations, Mediterranean in the west
and Alpine in the south. These “Celts” were not
recognized by the Teutons as kin in any sense,
and were all called Welsh or foreigners. From this
word are derived the names “Wales,” “Corn-
wales” or “Cornwall,” “Valais,” “Walloons,” and
“Wallachian” or “Vlach.”

VII

TEUTONIC EUROPE

No proper understanding is possible of the
meaning of the history of Christendom, or full ap-
preciation of the place in it of the Teutonic Nor-
dics, without a brief review of the events in
Europe of the last two thousand years.

When Rome fell and changed trade conditions
necessitated the transfer of power from its historic
capital in Italy to a strategic situation on the Bos-
porus, western Europe was definitely and finally
abandoned to its Germanic invaders. These same
barbarians swept up again and again to the Pro-
pontis, only to recoil before the organized strength
of the Byzantine Empire, and the walls of Mikkle-
gard.

Until the coming of the Alpine Slavs the East-
ern Empire still held in Europe the Balkan Penin-
sula and much of the eastern Mediterranean. The
Western Empire, however, collapsed utterly under
the impact of hordes of Nordic Teutons at a
much earlier date. In the fourth and fifth centu-
ries of our era, north Africa, once the empire of
Carthage, had become the seat of the kingdom of

i6i

162

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Teutonic Vandals, Spain fell under the control
of the Visigoths, and Lusitania, now Portugal,
under that of the Suevi. Gaul was Visfgothic in
the south and Burgundian in the east, while the
Frankish kingdom dominated the north until it
finally absorbed and incorporated all the territories
of ancient Gaul and made it the land of the Franks.

Italy fell under the control first of the Ostro-
goths and then of the Lombards. The purely
Teutonic Saxons, with kindred tribes, conquered the
British Isles, and meanwhile the Norse and Danish
Scandinavians contributed large elements to all
the coast populations as far south as Spain, and
the Swedes organized in the eastern Baltic what
is now Russia.

Thus when Rome passed, all Europe had be-
come superficially Teutonic. At first these Teutons
were isolated and independent tribes, bearing some
shadowy relation to the one organized state they
knew, the Empire of Rome. Then came thp Mo-
hammedan invasion, which reached western Eu-
rope from Africa and destroyed the Visigothic
kingdom. The Moslems swept on unchecked
until their light horsemen dashed themselves to
pieces against the heavy armed cavalry of Charles
Martel and his Franks at Tours in 732 A. D.

The destruction of the Vandal kingdom by the
armies of the Byzantine Empire; the conquest of
Spain by the Moors, and finally the overthrow of

TEUTONIC EUROPE 163

the Lombards by the Frariks were all greatly facil-
itated by the fact that these barbarians, Vandals,
Goths, Suevi, and Lombards, with the sole excep-
tion of the Franks, were originally Christians
of the Arian or Unitarian confession, and as
such frere regarded as heretics by their Orthodox
Christian subjects. The Franks alone were con-
verted from heathenism directly into the Trbii-
tarian faith to which the old populations of the
Roman Empire adhered. From this orthodoxy
of the Franks arose the close relation between
France, “the eldest daughter of the church,” and
the papacy, a connection which lasted for more
than a thousand years — in fact nearly to our own
day.

With the Goths eliminated, western Christen-
dom became Frankish. In the year 800 A. D.
Charlemagne was crowned at Rome and re-estab-
lished the Roman Empire in the west, which in-
cluded all Christendom outside of the Byzantine
Empire. In some form or shape tiiis Roman Em-
pire endured until the beginning of the nineteenth
century, and during all that time it formed the
basis of the political concept of European man.

This same concept lies to-day at the root of the
imperial idea. The Kaiser, Tsar, and Emperor all
take their name, and in some way trace their title,
from Caesar and the Empire. Charlemagne and
his successors claimed, and often exercised, over-

1 64 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

lordship as to all the other continental Christian
nations, and when the Crusades began it was the
German Emperor who led the Frankish hosts
against the Saracens. Charlemagne was a Ger-
man Emperor, his capital was at Aachen, within the
present limits of the German Empire, and the lan-
guage of his court was German. For several cen-
turies after the conquest of Gaul by the Franks,
their Teutonic tongue held its own against the
Latin speech of the Romanized Gauls.

The history of all Christian Europe is in some
degree interwoven with this Holy Roman Empire.
Though the Empire was neither holy nor Roman,
but altogether secular and Teutonic, it was, never-
theless, the central core of Europe for ages. Hol-
land and Flanders, Lorraine and Alsace, Bur-
gundy and Luxemberg, Lombardy and Venezia,
Switzerland and Austria, Bohemia and Styria are
states which were originally component parts of
the Empire, although many of them have since
been tom away by rival nations or have become in-
dependent, while much of northern Italy remained
under the sway of Austria within the memory of
living men.

The Empire wasted its strength in imperial am-
bitions and foreign conquests instead of consoli-
dating, organizing, and unifying its own territories,
and the fact that the imperial crown was elective
for many generations before it became hereditary

TEUTONIC EURC^PE 165

in the House of Hapsburg, checked the unification
of Germany during the Middle Ages.

A strong hereditary monarchy such as those
which arose in England and in France would have
anticipated the Germs ny of to-day by a thousand
years and made it <-hc predominant state in Ch’^Is-
tendom, but disruptive elements, in the persons
of great territorial dukes, were successful through-
out its history in preventing an effective concen-
tration of power in the hands of the Emperor.

That the German Emperor was regarded, though
vaguely, as the overlord of all Christian monarchs
was clearly indicated when Henry VIII of England
and Francis I of France appeared as candidates
for the imperial crown against Charles of Spain,
afterward the Emperor Charles V.

Europe was Germany, and Germany was Europe,
predominantly, until the Thirty Years’ War. This
war was perhaps the greatest catastrophe of all the
ghastly crimes committed in the name of religion.
It destroyed an entire generation, taking each year
for thirty years the finest manhood of the nations.

Two-thirds of the population of Germany was
destroyed, in some states such as Bohemia three-
fourths of the inhabitants were killed or exiled,
while out of 500,000 inhabitants in Wurtem-
berg there were only 48,000 left at the end of the
war. Terrible as this loss was, the destruction
did not fall equally on the various races and classes

i66 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

in the community. It bore, of course, most heav-
ily upon the big blond fighting man, and at the end
of the war the German states contained a greatly
lessened proportion of Nordic blood. In fact
from that time on the purely Teutonic race in
Germany has been largely replaced by the Al-
pine types in the south, and by the Wendish and
the Polish types in the east. This change of race
in Germany has gone so far that it has been com-
puted that out of the 70,000,000 inhabitants of
the German Empire, only 9,000,000 are purely
Teutonic in coloration, stature, and skull charac-
ters. The rarity of pure Teutonic and Nordic
types among the German immigrants to America in
contrast to its almost universal prevalence among
those from Scandinavia is traceable to the same
cause.

In addition, the Thirty Years’ War virtually
destroyed the land owning yeomanry and lesser
gentry formerly found in mediaeval Germany as
numerously as in France or in England. The re-
ligious wars of France, while not as devastating to
the nation as a whole as was the Thirty Years’ War
in Germany, nevertheless greatly weakened the
French cavalier type, the “petite noblesse de prov-
ince.” In Germany this class had flourished, and
throughout the Middle Ages contributed great
numbers of knights, poets, thinkers, great artists
and artisans who gave charm and variety to Euro-

TEUTONIC EUROPE

167

pean society. But as said, this section of the pop-
ulation was practically e .termina t id in the Thirty
Years’ War, and the cla >s of gentlemen practically
vanishes from Germ;.n nistorj from that time on.

When the Thirty Years’ War was over there re-
mained in Germany Jiothing except the brutalized
peasantry, largely of Alpine derivation in the
south and east, and the high nobility which turned
from the toils of endless warfare to mimic on a
small scale the court of Versailles. It has taken
Germany two centuries to recover her vigor, her
wealth, and her aspirations to a place in the sun.

During these years Germany was a political non-
entity, a mere congery of petty states bickering and
fighting with each other, claiming and owning only
the Empire of the Air as Napoleon happily phrased
it, and meantime France and England founded
their colonial empires beyond the seas.

When, in the last generation, Germany became
unified and organized, she found herself not only
too late to share in these colonial t.nterprises, but
also lacking in much of the racial element, and still
more lacking in the very classes which were her
greatest strength and glory before the Thirty Years’
War. To-day the ghastly rarity in the German
armies of chivalry and generosity toward women,
and of knightly protection and courtesy toward the
prisoners or wounded, can be largely attributed
to this annihilation of the gentle classes. The Ger-

1 68 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

mans of to-day, whether they live on the farms
or in the cities, are for the most part, descendants
of the peasants who survived, not of the brilliant
knights and sturdy foot soldiers who fell in that
mighty conflict. Knowledge of this great past
when Europe was Teutonic, and memories of the
shadowy grandeur of the Hohenstaufen Emperors,
who, generation after generation, led Teutonic
armies over the Alps to assert their title to Italian
provinces, have played no small part in modern
German consciousness.

These traditions and the knowledge that their
own religious dissensions swept them from the
leadership of the European world, lie at the base
of the German imperial ideal of to-day, and it is
for this ideal that the German armies are dying,
just as did their ancestors for a thousand years
under their Fredericks, Henrys, Conrads, and Ot-
tos.

But the Empire of Rome and the Empire of
Charlemagne are no more, and the Teutonic type
is divided almost equally between the contending
forces in this world war. Germany is too late, and
is limited to a destiny fixed and ordained for her
on the fatal day in i6i8 when the Hapsburg Fer-
dinand forced the Protestants of Bohemia into
revolt.

Although as a result of the Thirty Years’ War the
German Empire is far less Nordic than in the Mid-

TEUTONIC EUROPE

169

die Ages, the north of Germr ny is still Teutonic
throughout, and in the east nd south the Alpines
have been thoroughly Germanized with an aristoc-
racy and upper class o<^ pure Teutonic blood.

VIII

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS

The men of Nordic blood to-day form all the
population of Scandinavian countries, as also a ma-
jority of the population of the British Isles, and
are almost pure in type in Scotland and eastern
and northern England. The Nordic realm includes
all the northern third of France, with extensions
into the fertile southwest; all the rich lowlands of
Flanders; all Holland; the northern half of Ger-
many, with extensions up the Rhine and down the
Danube; and the north of Poland, and of Russia.
Recent calculations show that there are about
90,000,000 of purely Nordic physical type in
Europe out of a total population of 420,000,000,

Throughout southern Europe a Nordic nobility
of Teutonic type everywhere forms the old aristo-
cratic and military classes, or what now remains
of them. These aristocrats, by as much as their
blood is pure, are taller and blonder than the native
populations, whether these be Alpine in central
Europe or Mediterranean in Spain or in the south
of France and Italy.

The countries speaking Low German dialects
are almost purely Nordic, but the populations of

170

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 171

High German speech are very largely Teutonized
Alpines, and occupy lands once Celtic-speaking.
The main distinction between the two dialects is
the presence of a large number of Celtic elements
in High German.

In northern Italy there is a large amount of Nor-
dic blood. In Lombardy, Venice, and elsewhere
throughout the country the aristocracy is blonder
and taller than the peasantry, but the Nordic ele-
ment in Italy has declined noticeably since the
Middle Ages. From Roman times onward for a
thousand years the Teutons swarmed into north-
ern Italy, through the Alps, chiefly by way of the
Brenner Pass. With the stoppage of these Nordic
invasions this strain seems to have grown less all
through Italy.

In the Balkan Peninsula there is little to show
for the floods of Nordic blood that have poured in
for the last 3,500 years, beginning with the Achae-
ans of Homer, who first appeared m masse about
1400 B. C., and were followed successively by the
Dorians, Cimmerians, and Gauls, down to the
Goths and the Varangians of Byzantine times.

The tall stature of the population along the
Illyrian Alps from the Tyrol to Albania on the
south, is undoubtedly of Nordic origin, and dates
from some of these early invasions, but these Il-
lyrians have been so crossed with Slavs that all
other blond elements have been lost, and the ex-

172 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

isting population is essentially of brachycephalic
Alpine type. What few remnants of blondness
occur in this district, more particularly in Albania,
are probably to be attributed to later infiltrations,
as are the so-called Frankish elements in Bosnia.
In Russia and in Poland the Nordic stature, blond-
ness, and long skull grow less and less pronounced
as one proceeds south and east from the Gulf of
Finland.

It would appear that in all those parts of Eu-
rope outside of its natural habitat, the Nordic
blood is on the wane from England to Italy,
and that the ancient, acclimated, and primitive
populations of Alpine and Mediterranean race are
subtly reasserting their long lost political power
through a high breeding rate and democratic in-
stitutions.

In western Europe the first wave of the Nordic
tribes appeared about three thousand years ago, and
was followed by other invasions with the Nordic
element becoming stronger until after the fall of
Rome whole tribes moved into its provinces Ger-
manizing them more or less for varying lengths of
time.

These incoming Nordics intermarried with the
native populations and were gradually bred out,
and the resurgence of the old native stock has pro-
ceeded steadily since the Frankish Charlemagne
destroyed the Lombard kingdom, and is proceed-

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 173

ing with unabated vigor to-day. This process has
been greatly accelerated in western Europe by the
crusades and the religious and Napoleonic wars.
The world war, now in full swing with its toll of
millions, will leave Europe much poorer in Nordic
blood. One of its most certain results will be the
partial destruction of the aristocratic classes every-
where in northern Europe. In England the nobil-
ity has already suffered in battle more than in any
century since the Wars of the Roses. This will
tend to realize the standardization of type so dear
to democratic ideals. If equality cannot be ob-
tained by lengthening and uplifting the stunted of
body and of mind, it can be at least realized by the
destruction of the exalted of stature and of soul.
The bed of Procrustes operates with the same
fatal exactness when it shortens the long as when it
stretches the undersized.

The first Nordics in Spain were the Gauls who
crossed the Pyrenees about the seventh century
before our era, and introduced Aryaa speech into
the Iberian Peninsula. They quickly mixed with
Mediterranean natives and the composite Span-
iards were called Celtiberians by the Romans.

In Portugal and Spain there are in the physical
structure of the population few traces of these
early Celtic-speaking Nordic invaders, but the
Suevi, who a thousand years later occupied parts of
Portugal, and the Vandals and Visigoths who con-

174

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

quered and held Spain for 300 years, have left some
small evidence of their blood, and in the provinces
of northwestern Spain a considerable percentage
of light colored eyes reveals these Nordic elements
in the population.

Deep seated Castilian traditions associate aris-
tocracy with blondness, and the sangre azul, or
blue blood of Spain, refers to the blue eye of the
Goth, whose traditional claim to lordship is also
shown in the Spanish name for gentleman, “hi-
dalgo,” or son of the Goth.

As long as this Gothic nobility controlled the
Spanish states during the endless crusades against
the Moors, Spain belonged with the Nordic king-
doms, but when their blood became impaired by
losses in wars waged outside of Spain and in the
conquest of the Americas, the sceptre fell from this
noble race into the hands of the little, dark Iberian,
who had not the physical vigor or the intellectual
strength to maintain the world empire built up by
the stronger race.

The splendid conquistadores of the New World
were of Nordic type, but their pure stock did not
long survive their new surroundings, and to-day
they have vanished utterly, leaving behind them
only their language and their religion. After con-
sidering well these facts we shall not have to search
further for the causes of the collapse of Spain.

Gaul at the time of Caesar’s conquest was under

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 175

the rule of the Nordic race, which furnished the
bulk of the population of the north as well as the
military classes elsewhere, and the power and
vigor of the French nation have been based on this
blood and its later reinforcements. In fact, in the
Europe of to-day the amount of Nordic blood in
each nation is a very fair measure of its strength
in war and standing in civilization.

When, about 1000 B. C., the first Nordics crossed
the lower Rhine they found the Mediterranean
race in France everywhere overwhelmed by an
Alpine population, except in the south, and before
the time of Caesar the Celtic language of these in-
vaders, which was related to the Goidelic language
still spoken in parts of Ireland and in the Scotch
Highlands, had been imposed upon the entire pop-
ulation, and the whole country had been saturated
with Nordic blood. These earliest Nordics in the
west were known to the ancient world as Gauls.
These Gauls or “ Celts,” as they were called by
Caesar, occupied in his day the centre of France.
The actual racial complexion of this part of France
was overwhelmingly Mpine then and is so now,
but this population was Celticized thoroughly by
the Gauls, just as it was Latinized as completely
at a later date by the Romans.

The northern third of France, that is, above
Paris, was inhabited in Caesar’s time by the Belgae,
a Nordic people of the Cymric division of Celtic

176 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

speech. They were largely of Teutonic blood,
and in fact should be regarded as the immediate
forerunners of the Germans, and they probably
represent the early Teutons who had crossed from
Sweden and adopted the Celtic speech of their
Nordic kindred whom they found on the mainland.
These Belgae had followed the earlier Goidels across
Germany into Britain and Gaul, and were rapidly
displacing their Nordic predecessors, who by this
time were much weakened by mixture with the
autochthones, when Rome appeared upon the scene
and set a limit to their conquests by the Pax Ro-
mana.

The Belgae of the north of France and the Low
Countries were the bravest of the peoples of Gaul,
according to Caesar’s well-known remark, but the
claim of the Belgians of to-day to descent from this
race is without basis and rests solely on the fact
that the present Kingdom of Belgium, which only
became independent and assumed its proud name
in 1830, occupies a small and relatively unimpor-
tant corner of the land of the Belgae. The Flem-
ings of Belgium are Nordic Franks speaking a
Low German tongue, and the Walloons are Al-
pines whose language is an archaic French.

The Belgae and the Goidelic remnants of Nordic
blood in the centre of Gaul, taken together con-
stituted probably only a minority in blood of the
population, but were everywhere the military and

THE EXPANS ON OF THE NORDICS 177

ruling classes. These Nordic elements were later
reinforced by powi^rful Teutonic tribes, namely.
Vandals, Visigoths, Alans, Saxons, Burgundians,
and most important of ail, the Franks of the
lower Rhine, who founded modern France and
made it for long centuries the ‘"grand nation” of
Christendom.

The Frankish dynasties long after Charlemagne
were of purely Teutonic blood, and the aristocratic
land owning and military classes down to the great
Revolution were everywhere of this type, which
by the time of the creation of the Frankish king-
dom had incorporated all the other Nordic elements
of old Roman Gaul, both Gaulish and Belgic.

The last invasion of Teutonic-speaking barba-
rians was that of the Danish Northmen, who were,
of course, of pure Nordic blood, and who con-
quered and settled Normandy in 91 1 A. D. No
sooner had the barbarian invasions ceased than
the ancient aboriginal blood strains, Mediterranean
and Alpine, and elements derived f.om Paleolithic
times, began a slow and steady recovery. Step by
step, with the reappearance of these primitive and
deep rooted stocks, the Nordic element in France
declined, and with it the vigor of the nation.

The chief historic events of the last thousand
years have hastened this process, and the fact that
the Nordic element everywhere forms the fighting
section of the community caused the loss in war

178 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

to fall disproportionately as among the three races
in France. The religious wars greatly weakened
the Nordic provincial nobility, which was at first
largely Protestant, and the process of exterminating
the upper classes was completed by the Revolution-
ary and Napoleonic wars. These last wars are
said to have shortened the stature of the French by
four inches; in other words, the tall Nordic strain
was killed off in greater proportions than the little
brunet.

When by universal suffrage the transfer of power
was completed from a Nordic aristocracy to lower
classes predominantly of Alpine and Mediterranean
extraction, the decline of France in international
power set in.

The survivors of the aristocracy, being stripped
of political power and to a large extent of wealth,
quickly lost their caste pride and committed class
suicide by mixing their blood with inferior breeds.
One of the most conspicuous features of many of
the French nobility of to-day is the strength of
the Levantine and Mediterranean strain in them.
Being, for political reasons, ardently clerical, the
nobility welcomes recruits of any racial origin, as
long as they bring with them money and devotion
to the Church.

The loss in war of the best breeding stock through
death, wounds, or absence from home has been
clearly shown in France. The conscripts who

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 179

were examined for military duty in 1890-2 were
those descended in a large measure from the mili-
tary rejects and other stay-at-homes during the
Franco-Prussian War. In Dordogne this contin-
gent showed seven per cent more deficient statures
than the normal rate. In some cantons this unfor-
tunate generation was in height an inch bebv/ the
recruits of preceding years, and in it the exemp-
tions for defective physique rose from the normal
six per cent to sixteen per cent.

When each generation is decimated or destroyed
in turn, a race can be injured beyond recovery, but
it more frequently happens that the result is the
annihilation of an entire class, as in the case of the
German gentry in the Thirty Years’ War. Deso-
lation of wide districts often resulted from the
plagues and famines which followed the armies in
old days, but deaths from these causes fall most
heavily on the weaker part of the population. The
loss of valuable breeding stock is far more serious
when wars are fought with volunteer armies of
picked men than with conscript armies, because
in the latter cases the loss is more evenly spread
over the whole nation. Before England resorted
in the present war to universal conscription the in-
jury to her more desirable and patriotic classes was
much more pronotmced than in Germany, where all
types and ranks are called to arms.

In the British Isles we find, before the arrival

l8o EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

of the Nordic race, a Mediterranean population
and no perceptible element of Alpine blood, so that
we have to deal with only two of the main races
instead of all three as in France. In Britain there
are, as elsewhere, representatives of earlier races,
but the preponderant strain of blood was Mediter-
ranean before the first arrival of the Aryan-speak-
ing Nordics.

Ireland was connected with Britain and Britain
with the continent until times very recent in a
geological sense. The depression of the Channel
coasts is progressing rapidly to-day, and is known
to have been substantial during historic times.
The close parallel in blood and culture between
England and the opposite coasts of France also in-
dicates a very recent land connection, probably in
Neolithic times. Men either walked from the con-
tinent to England and from England to Ireland,
or they paddled across in primitive boats or cora-
cles. The art of ship-building, or even archaic
navigation, cannot go much further back than late
Neolithic times.

The tribes of Celtic speech came to the British
Isles in two distinct waves. The earlier invasion
of the Goidels arrived in England with a culture
of bronze about 800 B. C., and in Ireland two cen-
turies later, and was part of the same movement
which brought the Gauls into France. The later
conquest was by the Cymric-speaking Belgae who

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS i8i

were equipped with iron weapons. It began in
the third century B. C., and was stiU going on in
Caesar’s time. These Cymric Brythons found the
early Goidels, with the exception of the aristoc-
racy, much weakened by intermixture with the
Mediterranean natives, and would probably have
destroyed all trace of Goidelic speech in Ireland
and Scotland, as they actually did in England, if
the Romans had not intervened. The Brythons
reached Ireland in small numbers only in the sec-
ond century B. C.

These Nordic elements in Britain, both Goidelic
and Brythonic, were in a minority during Roman
times, and the ethnic complexion of the island was
not much affected by the Roman occupation, as
the legions stationed there represented the varied
racial stocks of the Empire.

After the Romans abandoned Britain, and about
400 A. D., floods of pure Nordics poured into the
islands for nearly six centuries, arriving in the north
as the Norse pirates, who made Scotland Scandi-
navian, and in the east as Teutonic Saxons and
Angles, who founded England.

The Angles came from somewhere in central
Jutland, and the Saxons came from coast lands
immediately at the base of the Danish Peninsula.
All these districts were then, and are now, purely
Teutonic; in fact, this is part of old Saxony, and is
to-day the core of Germany.

i 82

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

These Saxon districts sent out at that time swarms
of invaders not only into England but into France
and over the Alps into Italy, just as at a much later
period the same land sent swarming colonies into
Hungary and Russia.

The same Saxon invaders passed down the Chan-
nel coasts, and traces of their settlement on the
mainland remain to this day in the Cotentin dis-
trict around Cherbourg. Scandinavian sea peo-
ples, called Danes or Northmen, swarmed over as
late as 900 A. D. and conquered all eastern Eng-
land. This Danish invasion of England was the
same that brought the Northmen, or Normans,
into France. In fact the occupation of Normandy
was probably by Danes, and the conquest of Eng-
land was largely the work of Norsemen, as Nor-
way at that time was under Danish kings.

Both of these invasions, especially the later
one, swept around the greater island and inun-
dated Ireland, driving the aborigines and their
Celtic-speaking masters into the bogs and islands
of the extreme west.

The blond Nordic element to-day predominates
in Ireland as much as in England. It is de-
rived, to some extent, from the early invaders of
Celtic speech, but the Goidelic element has been
in Ireland, as in England and Scotland, very
largely absorbed by the Iberian substratum of the
population, and is found to-day rather in the form

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 183

of Nordic characters in brunets, than as the pure
blond individuals who represent later and purer
Nordic strains. The combination of black Iberian
hair with blue or gray Nordic eyes is frequently
found in Ireland and also in Spain, zind in both
these coxmtries is greatlj admired for its beauty.

The tall, blond Irishmen are to-day chiefly Dan-
ish with the addition of English, Norman, and
Scotch elements, which have poured into the
lesser island for a thousand years, and have im-
posed the English speech upon it. The more prim-
itive and ancient elements in Ireland have always
showed great ability to absorb newcomers, and
during the Middle Ages it was notorious that the
Norman and English colonists quickly sank to the
cultural level of the natives. Indications of Paleo-
lithic man appear in Ireland frequently as unit
characters, as well as individuals. Being, like Brit-
tany, situated on the extreme western outposts
of Eurasia, it has more than its share of general-
ized and low types surviving in the living popula-
tions, and these types, the Firbolgs, have imparted
a distinct and very undesirable aspect to a large
portion of the inhabitants of the west and south,
and have greatly lowered the intellectual status
of the population as a whole.

In England much the same ethnic elements are
present, namely the Nordic and the Mediterranean.
There is, especially in Wales and in the west cen-

1 84 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

tral counties of England, a large substratum of an-
cient Mediterranean blood, but the later coming
Nordic elements are everywhere imposed upon it.

Scotland is by race Anglian in the south and
Norse in the Highlands, with underlying Goidelic
and Brythonic elements which are exceedingly
hard to identify.

The Nordic species of man in his various races,
but chiefly Teutonic, made Gaul the land of the
Franks, and made Britain the land of the Angles,
and the Englishmen who built the British Empire
and founded America were of the Nordic and not
of the Mediterranean type.

One of the most vigorous Nordic elements in
France, England, and America was contributed by
the Normans, and its influence on the develop-
ment of these countries cannot be ignored. The
descendants of the Danish and Norse Vikings who
settled in Normandy as Teutonic-speaking heathen,
and who as Normans crossed over to Saxon Eng-
land and conquered it in 1066, are among the
finest and noblest examples of the Nordic race.
Their only rivals in these characters were the
early Goths.

This Norman strain, while purely Nordic, seems
to have been radically different in its mental make-
up, and to some extent in its physical detail, from
the Saxons of England, and also from the kindred
Scandinavians on the continent.

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 185

The Normans seem to have been "fine race,” to
use a French idiom, and are often characterized by
a tall, slender figure, proud bearing and clearly
marked features of classic Greek regularity. Tire
type is seldom extreniely blond, and is often dark.
These Latinized Vikings were and are animated by
a restless and nomadic energy and by a fie>'ce ag-
gressiveness. They played a brilliant r61e durin.'T
the twelfth and following centuries, but later on
the continent this strain ran out. The type is still
very common among the English of good families,
and especially among hunters, explorers, navi-
gators, adventurers, and officers of the lesser ranks
in the British army. These latter-day Normans
are natural rulers and administrators, and it is to
this type that England largely owes her extraordi-
nary ability to govern justly and firmly the lower
races. This Norman blood occurs often among the
native Americans, but with the changing social
conditions and the filling up of the waste places of
the earth, it is doomed to a speedy extinction.

The invasion of the Normans strengthened the
Nordic and not the Mediterranean elements in the
British Isles, but the connection once established
with France, especially with Aquitaine, later in-
troduced from southern France certain brunet
elements of Mediterranean affinities.

The Nordics in England are in these days
apparently receding before the little brunet Med-

1 86 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

iterranean type. The causes of this decline are
the same as in France, and the chief loss is
through the wastage of blood by war aftd emigra-
tion.

An extremely potent influence, however, is the
transformation of the nation from an agricultural
to a manufacturing community. Heavy, healthful
work in the fields of northern Europe enables the
Nordic type to thrive, but the crarnped factory
and crowded city quickly weeds him out, while the
little brunet Mediterranean can work a spindle,
set type, sell ribbons, or push a clerk’s pen far better
than the big, clumsy, and somewhat heavy Nordic
blond, who needs exercise, meat, and air, and can-
not live under Ghetto conditions.

The increase of urban communities at the ex-
pense of the countryside is also an important ele-
ment in the fading of the Nordic type, because the
energetic countryman of this blood is more apt to
improve his fortunes by moving to the city than the ■
less ambitious Mediterranean. The country vil-
lages and the farms are the nurseries of nations,
while cities are consumers ahd seldom producers of
men.

If England has deteriorated, and there are those
who think they see indications of such decline, it is
due to the lowering proportion of the Nordic blood
and the transfer of political power from the vigor-
ous Nordic aristocracy and middle classes to the

THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS 187

radical and labor elements, both largely recruited
from the Mediterranean type.

Only in Scandinavia and north Germany does
the Nordic race seem to maintain its full vigor in
spite of the enormous wastage of three thousand
years of swarming forth of its best fighting men.

Holland and Flanders are purely Teutonic, the
Flemings being the descendants of those Franks
who did not adopt Latin speech as did their Teu-
tonic kin across the border in Artois and Picardy;
and Holland is the ancient Batavia with the Frisian
coast lands eastward to old Saxony.

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are purely Nor-
dic and yearly contribute swarms of a splendid type
of immigrants to America, and are now, as they
have been for thousands of years, the nursery and
broodland of the master race.

In mediaeval times the Norse and Danish Vi-
kings sailed not only the waters of the known At-
lantic, but ventured westward through the fogs
and frozen seas to Iceland, Greenland, and America.
Sweden, after sending forth her Goths and other
early Teutonic tribes, turned her attention to the
shores of the eastern Baltic, colonized the coast
of Finland and the Baltic provinces, and supplied
as well a strong Scandinavian element to the aris-
tocracy of Russia.

The coast of Finland is, as a result, Swedish, and
the natives of the interior have distinctly Nordic

i88 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

characters with the exception of the skull, which
in its roundness shows traces of an ancient Alpine
crossing.

The population of the so-called Baltic provinces
of Russia is everywhere Nordic, and their affinities
are with Scandinavia and Germany rather than
with Slavic Moscovy. The most primitive Aryan
languages, namely, Lettish, Lithuanian, and the re-
cently extinct Old Prussian, are found in this neigh-
borhood, and here we are not far from the orig-
inal Nordic homeland.

IX

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND

The area in Europe where tne Nordic race de-
veloped, and in which the Aryan languages took
their origin, probably included the forest region
of eastern Germany, Poland, and Russia, together
with the grasslands which stretched from the
Ukraine eastward into the steppes south of the
Ural. For reasons already explained this area was
long isolated from the rest of the world, especially
from Asia. When the unity of the Aryan race
and of the Aryan language was broken up during
the Bronze Age, the early Nordics pushed west
along the sandy plains of the north and pressed
against and through the Alpine populations of
central Europe. They also swept down through
Thrace into Greece and Asia Minor, while other
large and important groups entered Asia partly
through the Caucasus Mountains but in greater
strength around the north and east sides of the
Caspian-Aral Sea.

That portion of the Nordic race which contin-
ued to inhabit south Russia and grazed their flocks
of sheep and herds of horses on the grasslands,
were the Scythians of the Greeks, and from these

nomad shepherds came the Cimmerians, Persians,

189

190 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Sacae, Massagetae, and perhaps the Kassites and
Mitanni, and other early Aryan-speaking Nordic
invaders of Asia. The descendants of these Nor-
dics are scattered everywhere in Russia, but are
now submerged by the later Slavs.

Well-marked characters of the Nordic race enable
us to distinguish it definitely wherever it first ap-
pears in history, and we know that all the blond-
ness in the world is derived from this source. When
it first enters the Mediterranean world coming from
the north, its arrival is everywhere marked by
a new and higher civilization. In most cases the
contact of the vigorous barbarians with the ancient
civilizations created a sudden impulse of life and
an outburst of culture as soon as the first destruc-
tion wrought by the conquest was repaired.

In addition to the long continued selection ex-
ercised by the severe climatic conditions of the
north, and the consequent elimination of ineffec-
tives, all of which affects a race, there is another*
force at work which concerns the individual as
well. The energy developed in the north is not
immediately lost when transferred to the softer
conditions of existence in the Mediterranean and
Indian countries. This energy endures for several
generations, and only dies slowly away as the north-
ern blood becomes diluted and the impulse to strive
fades.

The contact of Hellene and Pelasgian caused the

THE NORDIC FATHERLAND

191

blossoming of the ancient civilization of Hellas,
just as two thousand years later, when the Nordic
invaders of Italy had absorbed the science, art,
and literature of Rome, they produced that splen-
did century we call the Renaissance.

The chief men of the Cinque Cento were of Nor-
dic, largely Gothic and Lc^mbard, blood, a fact
easily recognized by a close inspection of busts or
portraits in north Italy. Dante, Raphael, Titian,
Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci were all of
Nordic type.

Similar expansions of civilization and organiza-
tion of empire, followed the incursion of the Nor-
dic Persians into the land of the round skull Medes,
and the introduction of Sanskrit into India by the
Nordic Sacae who conquered that peninsula. These
outbursts of progress, due to the first contact and
mixture of two contrasted races, are, however, only
transitory and pass with the last lingering trace of
Nordic blood.

In India the blood of these Ar^'an-speaking in-
vaders has been absorbed by the dark Hindu, and
in the final event only their synthetic speech sur-
vived.

The marvellous organization of the Roman state
made use of the services of Nordic mercenaries, and
kept the Western Empire alive for three centuries
after the blood of the ancient Romans had virtually
ceased to exist. The date when the population

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

192

of the Empire had become predominantly of Medi-
terranean and Oriental blood, due to the intro-
duction of slaves from the east and the wastage of
Italian blood in war, coincides with the establish-
ment of the Empire under Augustus, and the last
Republican patriots represent the final protest of
the old patrician Nordic strain. For the most
part they refused to abdicate their right to rule in
favor of manumitted slaves and imperial favorites,
and fell in battle and sword in hand. The Roman
died out but the slaves survived, and their de-
scendants predominate among the south Italians
of to-day.

' The Byzantine Empire, from much the same
causes, in its turn gradually became less and less
European and more and more Oriental until it, too,
withered away.

When these facts are considered the fall of Rome
ceases to be a mystery, and the only wonder is that
the Roman state lived on after the Romans were
extinct, or that the Eastern Empire struggled on
so long with an ever fading Greek population.
Both in Rome and in Greece only the language of
the dominant race survived.

So entirely had the blood of the Romans van-
ished in the last days of the Empire that sorry
bands of barbarians wandered at will through the
desolated provinces. Caesar and his legions would
have made short work of these unorganized ban-

THE NORDIC FATHERLAlSiD

193

ditti, but Caesar and his legions had become a
memory, although that memory was great enough
to inspire in the intruders a certain awe and desire
to imitate. Against invaders, however, blood and
brawn are more effective than tradition and culture,
however noble these may be.

Early ascetic Christianity played a large part in
this decline of the Roman Empire, as it was at the
outset the religion of the slave, the meek, and the
lowly, while Stoicism was the religion of the strong
men of the time. This bias in favor of the weaker
elements greatly interfered with their elimination
by natural processes, and the fighting force of the
empire was gradually undermined. Christianity
was in sharp contrast to the worship of tribal
deities which preceded it, and tended then, as it
does now, to break down class and race distinc-
tions, Such distinctions are absolutely essential
to the maintenance of race purity in any commu-
nity when two or more races live side by side.

Race feeling may be called pre.’udice by those
whose careers are cramped by it, but it is a natural
antipathy which serves to maintain the purity of
type. The unfortunate fact that nearly all species
of men interbreed freely leaves us no choice in the
matter. Either the races must be kept apart by
artificial devices of this sort, or else they ultimately
amalgamate, and in the offspring the more gen-
eralized or lower type prevails.

X

NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE

We find few traces of Nordic characters outside
of Europe. When Egypt was invaded by the Lib-
yans from the west in 1230 B. C., they were ac-
companied by blond ‘^sea people/’ probably the
Achaean Greeks, and it is interesting to note that
a certain amount of reddish blondness exists to-
day on the northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains.
That it is of Nordic origin we may be certain, but
through what channels it came we have no means
of knowing. There is no historic invasion of
north Africa by Nordics except the Vandal con-
quests, but there does not seem to be any prob-
ability that this small Teutonic tribe left behind
it any physical trace in the native population.

The Philistines and Amorites of Palestine may
have been of the Nordic race. Certain references
to the size of the sons of Anak and to the fairness
of David, whose mother was an Amoritish woman,
point vaguely in this direction.

References in Chinese annals to the green eyes
of the Wu-suns or Hiung-Nu in central Asia are
the only sure evidence we have of the Nordic race

in contact with the peoples of eastern Asia.

194

NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EJROPE 195

The so-called blondness of the hairy Ainus of liie
northern islands of Japan seems to be due to a trace
of what might be callea Proto-Nordic blood. The
hairiness of these people is in sharp contrast to their
Mongoloid neighbors, but it is a generalized char-
acter common to the highest and the lowest races
of man. The primitive Australoids and the highly
specialized Scandinavians are among the mo^ t
hairy populations in the world. So in the Ainus
this somatological peculiarity is merely the reten-
tion of a very primitive trait. The occasional
brown or greenish eye, and the sometimes fair
complexion of the Ainus, are, however, suggestive
of Nordic affinities, and of an extreme easterly ex-
tension of Proto-Nordics at a very early period.

The skull shape of the Ainus is extremely doli-
chocephalic, while the broad cheek bones indicate
a Mongolian cross, as in the Esquimaux. The
Ainus, like many other small, mysterious people,
are probably merely the remnants of one of the
many early races that are fast fad ng into extinc-
tion. The division of man into species is very
ancient, and the chief races of the earth are merely
the successful survivors of the long struggle. Many
species, subspecies, and races have vanished utterly,
except for reversional characters which we find in
the larger races.

The only Nordics in Asia Minor, so far as we
know, were the Phrygians who came across the

196 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Hellespont about 1400 B. C. as part of the same
migration which brought the Achaeans into Greece;
the Cimmerians who entered by the same route
and also through the Caucasus about 650 B, C., and
still later, in 270 B. C., the Gauls who, coming from
north Italy through Thrace, crossed the Hellespont
and founded Galatia. So far as our present infor-
mation goes, little or no trace of these invasions
remains in the existing populations of Anatolia.
The expansions of the Persians and the Aryan-
ization of their empire, and the conquests of the
Nordics east and south of the Caspian- Aral Sea,
will be discussed in connection with the spread of
Aryan languages.

XI

THE RACIAL APTITUDES

Such are the three races, the Alpine, Mediter-
ranean, and Nordic, which enter into the coinp>osi-
tion of European populations of to-day, and in
various combinations comprise the great bulk of
white men all over the world. These races vary
intellectually and morally just as they do physically.
Moral, intellectual, and spiritual attributes are
as persistent as physical characters, and are trans-
mitted unchanged from generation to generation.

In considering skull characters we must remem-
ber that, while indicative of independent descent,
the size and shape of the head are not closely re-
lated to brain power. Aristotle was a Mediter-
ranean and had a small, long skull, while Hum-
boldt had a large and characteristically Nordic
skull, but equally dolichocephalic. Socrates and
Diogenes were apparently quite un-Greek and rep-
resent remnants of some early race, perhaps of
Paleolithic man. The history of their lives shows
clearly that each was recognized as in some degree
alien by their fellow countrymen, just as the Jews
apparently regarded Christ, as, in some indefinite
way, un-Jewish.

Mental, spiritual, and moral traits are closely as-

197

198 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

sociated with the physical distinctions among the
differeift European races, although like somatologi-
cal characters, these spiritual attributes have in
many cases gone astray. Enough remain, how-
ever, to show that certain races have special apti-
tudes for certain pursuits. The Alpine race is al-
ways and everywhere a race of peasants, an agri-
cultural and never a maritime race. In fact, they
only extend to salt water at the head of the Adriatic.

The coastal and seafaring populations of north
Europe are everywhere Nordic as far as the coast
of Spain, and among Europeans this race is pre-
eminently fitted to maritime pursuits.

The Nordics are, all over the world, a race of
soldiers, sailors, adventurers, and explorers, but
above all, of rulers, organizers, and aristocrats in
sharp contrast to the essentially peasant character
of the Alpines. Chivalry and knighthood, and
their still surviving but greatly impaired counter-
parts, are peculiarly Nordic traits, and feudalism,
class distinctions, and race pride among Europeans
are traceable for the most part to the north.

The mental characteristics of the Mediterranean
race are well known, and this race, while inferior
in bodily stamina to both the Nordic and the Al-
pine, is probably the superior of both, certainly of
the Alpines, in intellectual attainments. In the
field of art its superiority to both the other Euro-
pean races is unquestioned.

THE RACIAL APTITUDES

199

Before leaving this interesting subject of the
correlation of spiritual and moral traits with phys-
ical characters, we may note that these influences
are so deeply rooted in everyday consciousness
that the average novelist or playwright would not
fail to make his hero a tall, blond, honest, and
somewhat stupid youth, or his villain a small, dark,
and exceptionally intelligent individual of warped
moral character. The gods of Olympus were al-
most all described as blond, and it would be diffi-
cult to imagine a Greek artist painting a brunette
Venus. In church pictures to-day all angels are
blonds, while the denizens of the lower regions
revel in deep brunetness. Most ancient tapestries
show a blond earl on horseback and a dark haired
churl holding the bridle, and in depicting the cruci-
fixion no artist hesitates to make the two thieves
brunet in contrast to the blond Saviour. This
latter is something more than a convention, as such
quasi-authentic traditions as we have of our Lord
indicate his Nordic, possibly Greek, physical and
moral attributes.

These and other similar traditions clearly point
to the relation of one race to an.ither in classic,
mediaeval, and modern times. How far they will
be modified by democratic institutions and the rule
of the majority remains to be seen.

The wars of the last two thousand years in Eu-
rope have been almost exclusively wars between

200

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

the various nations of this race, or between rulers
of Nordic blood.

From a race point of view the present European
conflict is essentially a civil war, and nearly all the
officers and a large proportion of the men on both
sides are members of this race. It is the same old
story of mutual butchery and mutual destruction
between Nordics, just as the Nordic nobility of
Renaissance Italy seem to have been possessed with
a blood mania to kill one another off. It is the
modern edition of the old berserker blood rage,
and is class suicide on a gigantic scale. It is hard
to say on which side there is a preponderance of
Nordic blood, as Flanders and northern France are
more Teutonic than south Germany, and the back-
bone of the armies that England has put in the
field, together with those of her colonies, are al-
most purely Nordic, while a large portion of the
Russian armies is of the same race.

The writer has carefully refrained in this article
from the use of the words “Teutonic” and “Ger-
manic” except in their most limited sense, because
the names are currently used in a national and not
in a racial sense, to denote the inhabitants of the
central empires. Such broader use would include
millions who are totally un-Teu tonic, and exclude
millions, of pure Teutonic blood who are outside
of the political borders of Austro-Germany.

XIT

ARYA

Having shown the existence in Europe of three
subspecies of distinct origin and a single predomi-
nant type of language called the Aryan or synthetic
group, it remains to inquire to which of the three
races can be assigned the honor of inventing,
elaborating, and introducing this most highly de-
veloped form of human speech, and our investiga-
tions will show that the facts point indubitably
toward an original unity between the Nordic, or
rather the Proto-Nordic race and the Pro to- Aryan
language or the generalized, ancestral, Aryan mother
tongue.

Of the three claimants to the honor of being the
original creator of the highest form of synthetic
speech, known as the Aryan group of languages,
we can at once dismiss the Mediterranean race.
The members of this race on the south shores of
the Mediterranean, the Berbers and the Egyptians,
speak now, and have always spoken, non-Aryan
tongues. In Asia, also, many people of tliis race
speak non-Aryan tongues. We also knov-' that the
speech of the original Pelasgians was not Aryan,
that in Crete remnants of Pre-Aryan speech per-

201

202

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

sisted until about 500 B. C., and that the Hellenic
language was introduced into ^gean countries
from the north. In Italy the Ligurian and Etrus-
can in the north, and the Messapian in the south,
were non- Aryan languages; and the ancestral form
of Latin speech in the guise of Umbrian and Oscan
came through the Alps from the countries beyond.

Into Spain the Celtiberian language was intro-
duced from the north about 600 B. C., but with so
little force behind it that it was unable to entirely
replace the non- Aryan language of the aborigines,
which continues to this very day as Basque.

In Britain Aryan speech was introduced about
800 B. C., and in France somewhat earlier. In
central and northern Europe no certain trace of non-
Aryan languages at one time spoken there per-
sists, except among the Lapps and in the neighbor-
hood of the Gulf of Finland, where the non- Aryan
Finnic dialects are spoken to-day by the Finland-
ers and the Esthonians.

We thus know the approximate dates of the intro-
duction of Aryan speech into western and southern
Europe, and that it came in through the medium
,of the Nordic race. On the southern coast of the
inland sea, including Egypt, the population spoke in
ancient times, and still speaks, non- Aryan tongues;
and in Spain and in the adjoining parts of France
nearly half a million people continue to speak an
agglutinative language, called Basque or Euska-

ARYA

203

rian. In skull shape these Basques correspond
closely with the Aryan-speaking populations around
them, being doUchocephalic in Spain, and brachy-
cephalic in France. In the case of both the long
skull and the round skull Basques, the lower part
of the face is long and thin with a peculiar and
pointed chin. In other words, their faces shew cer-
tain secondary racial characters which have beer
imposed by selection upon a people composed
originally of two races of independent origin, but
long isolated by the limitations of language.

Other than the Basque language there are. in
western Europe but few remnants of Pre-Aryan
speech, and these are found chiefly in place names
and in a few obscure words.

Remnants of non-Aryan speech exist here and
there throughout European Russia, but many of
them can be traced to historic invasions. Until
,we reach the main body of Ural-Altaic speech in
the east of Russia, the Esths, with kindred but
small tribes of Livonians and Tcl ouds, and the
Filins alone can lay claim to the honor of antedat-
ing the Aryan tongue in Muscovite territories, but
the physical type of all these tribes is distinctly
Nordic. In this connection the Lapps and related
groups in the far north can be disregarded.

The problem of the Finns is a difficult one. The
coast of Finland, of course, is purely Swedish, but
the great bulk of the population in the interior is

204

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

brachycephalic, though otherwise thoroughly Nor-
dic in type. It would seem that here the Alpine
element were the more ancient.

The most important non-Aryan language in
Europe is the Magyar of Hungary, but this we
know was introduced from the eastward at the end
of the ninth century.

In the Balkans the language of the Turks has
never been a vernacular as it is in Asia Minor. In
Europe it was spoken only by the soldiers and the
civil administrators, and by very sparse colonies
of Turkish settlers. The mania of the Turks for
white women, which is said to have been one of the
motives that led to the conquest of the Byzantine
Empire, has unconsciously resulted in the oblitera-
tion of the Mongoloid type of the original Asiatic
invaders. Persistent crossing with Circassian and
Georgian women, as well as with slaves of every
race in Asia Minor or in Europe with whom they^
came in contact, has made the European Turk of
to-day indistinguishable in physical characters
from his Christian neighbors.

The Turks of Seljukian and Osmanli origin were
never numerous, and the Sultan’s armies were and
are largely composed of Islamized Anatolians and
Europeans.

In Persia and India, also, the Aryan languages
were introduced from the north at known periods,
so in view of all these facts, the Mediterranean

ARYA

20 $

race cannot claim the honor of either the inven-
tion or dissemination of the synthetic languages.

The chief claim of the Alpine race of central Eu-
rope and western Asia to tae invention and intro-
duction into Europe of the Proto-Aryan form of
speech rests on the fact that nearly all the members
of this race in Europe speak well developed forms of
Aryan speech, chiefly in the form of Slavic. Thi ;
fact taken by itself may have no more significance
than the fact that the Mediterranean race in
Spain, Italy, and France speaks Romance lan-
guages, but it is, nevertheless, an argument of some
weight.

Outside of Europe the Armenians and other
Armenoid brachycephalic peoples of Asia Minor
and the Iranian Highlands, all of Alpine race, to-
gether with a few isolated tribes of the Caucasus,
speak Aryan languages, and these peoples lie on
the iiighroad along which knowledge of the metals
and other cultural developments entered Europe.

"Jf the Aryan language were invc nted and de-
veloped by these Armenoid Alpines we should be
obliged to assume that they introduced it along
with bronze culture into Europe about 3000 B. C.
and taught the Nordic blonds both their language
and their metal culture. There are, however, in
western Asia many Alpine peoples who do not
speak Aryan languages and yet are Alpine in type,
such as the Turcomans, and in Asia Minor the so-

2o6 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

called Turks are also largely Ishmized Alpines of
the Armenoid subspecies who speak Turki. There
is no trace of Aryan speech south of the Caucasus
until after 1700 B. C., and the Hittite language
spoken before that date in central and eastern
Asia Minor, although not yet clearly deciphered,
was non- Aryan to the best of our present knowl-
edge. The Hittites themselves were probably
ancestral to the living Armenians.

We are thoroughly acquainted with the lan-
guages of all the Mesopotamian countries, and we
know that the speech of Accad and Sumer, of Susa
and Media was agglutinative, and that the lan-
guages of Assyria and of Palestine were Semitic.
The speech of the Kassites was Aryan, and the
language of the shortlived empire of the Mitanni
in the foothills south of Armenia, is the only one
about the character of which there can be some
doubt, but in all probability it was Aryan. There
is, therefore, much negative evidence against the
existence of Aryan speech in this part of the world
earlier than its known introduction by Nordics.

If the last great expansion into Europe of the
Alpine race brought from Asia the Aryan mother
tongue, as well as the knowledge of metals, we
must assume that all the members of the Nordic
race thereupon adopted synthetic speech from the
Alpines.

We know that these Alpines reached Britain

AF.YA

207

about 1800 B. C., and probably had p^e^’ioualy
occupied much of Gaul, so t}.at if they are to be
credited with ttie introduction of the synthetic
languages into western Europe, it is difficult 10
understand why we have no known trace of any
form of Aryan speech in central Europe or west of
the Rhine prior to 1000 B. C., while we have some,
though scant, evidence of non-A’-yan languages.

Even assuming, however, that the Alpines did
introduce this synthetic language to the Baltic
dolichocephs along with the art of metallurgy, we
are obliged to believe that the Nordics, equipped
with this synthetic language and with bronze
weapons, starting on their marvellous career of
expansion a full millennium after the Alpine con-
quest, first attacked and conquered their Alpine
teachers and then poured down from the north in
successive waves into the domain of the Mediter-
ranean race, passing en route through brachyce-
phalic countries and taking along with them vary-
ing proportions of Alpine blood.

It may be said in favor of this claim of the Al-
pine race to be the original inventors of synthetic
speech, that language is ever a measure of culture,
and the higher forms of civilization are greatly
hampered by the limitations of speech imposed
by the less highly evolved languages, namely, the
monosyllabic and the agglutinative, which include
nearly all the non- Aryan languages of the world.

2o8

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

It does not seem probable that barbarians, how-
ever fine in physical type and however well en-
dowed with the potentiality of intellectual and
moral development, dwelling as hunters in the
bleak and barren north along the edge of the re-
treating glaciers and as nomad shepherds in the
Russian grasslands, could have evolved a more
complicated and higher form of articulate speech
than the inhabitants of southwest Asia, who many
thousand years earlier were highly civilized and
are known to have invented the arts of agriculture,
metal working and domestication of animals, as
well as of writing and pottery. Nevertheless, such
seems to be the fact.

To conclude then, a study of the Mediterranean
race shows that, so far from being purely Euro-
pean, it is equally African and Asiatic, and in
the narrow coastal fringe of southern Persia, in
India, and even farther east the last strains of this
race gradually fade into the negroids through pro-
longed cross breeding, and a similar inquiry into
the origin and distribution of the Alpine species
shows clearly the fundamentally Asiatic origin of
this type, and that on its easternmost borders in
central Asia it marches on the round skulled Mon-
golian.

XIII

THE ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES

By the process of elimination set fo^th in the
preceding chapter we are compelled to consider
that the strongest claimant for the honor of being
the race of the original Aryans, is the tall, blond
Nordic. . A study of the various languages of the
Aryan group reveals an extreme diversity which
can be best explained by the hypothesis that the
existing languages are now spoken by people upon
whom Aryan speech has been forced from with-
out. This theory corresponds exactly with the
known historic fact that the Aryan languages, dur-
ing the last three or four thousand years at least,
have, again and again, been imposed by Nordics
uj)on populations of Alpine and Mediterranean
blood.

Within the present distributional area of the
Nordic race, and in the very middle of a typical
area of isolation, is the most generalized mem-
ber of the Aryan group, namely, Lettish, or old
Lithuanian, situated on the Guif of Riga, and al-
most Proto-Aryan in character. Close at hand
was the closely related Old Prussian or Borussian,
very recently extinct. These archaic languages are

209

210

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

relatively close to Sanskrit, and are located in
actual contact with the non-Aryan speech of the
Esths and Finns.

The non-Aryan languages in eastern Russia are
Ugrian, a form of speech which extends far into
Asia, and which alone of all agglutinative tongues,
contains elements which unite it with synthetic
speech, and which is consequently dimly transi-
tory in character. In other words, in the opinion
of many philologists, a primitive form of Ugrian
might have given birth to the Proto-Aryan ances-
tor of existing synthetic languages.

This hypothesis, if sustained by further study,
will provide additional evidence that the site of
the development of the Aryan languages, and of
the Nordic species, was in eastern Europe, and in
a region which is close to the place of contact be-
tween the most archaic synthetic languages and
the most nearly related non-Aryan tongue, the
agglutinative Ugrian.

The Aryan tongue was introduced into Greece
by the Achaeans about 1400 B. C., and later,
about 1100 B. C., by the true Hellenes, who
brought in the classic dialects of Dorian, Ionian,
and .^olian.

These Aryan languages superseded their non-
Aryan predecessor, the Pelasgian. From the lan-
guage of these early invaders came the Illyrian,
Thracian, Albanian, classic Greek, and the debased

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 21 1

modem Romaic, a descendant of the Ionian dia-
lect.

Aryan speech was introduced among the non-
Aryan Etruscans of the Italian Peninsula by the
Umbrians and Oscans about 1100 B. C. These
languages were ultimately succeeded by Latin an
offshoot of these early Aryan tongues of northern
Italy which later spread to the uttermost confines
of the Roman Empire. Its descendants to-day are
the Romance tongues spoken within the ancient
imperial boundaries, the Portuguese on the west,
Castilian, Catalan, Provencal, French, the langue
d’oil of the Walloons, Ligurian, Romansch, Ladin,
Friulian, Tuscan, Calabrian, and Rumanian.

The problem of the existence of a language, the
Rumanian, in the eastern Carpathians, cut off by
Slavic and Magyar tongues from the nearest Ro-
mance languages, but nevertheless clearly de-
scended from Latin, presents great difficulties. The
Rumanians themselves make two claims; the first,
which can be safely disregarded, 's an unbroken
linguistic descent from a group of Aryan languages
which occupied this whole section of Europe, from
which Latin was derived, and of which Albanian
is also a remnant.

The more serious claim, however, made by tlie
Rumanians, is to linguistic and racial descent from
the military colonists planted by the Emperor
Trajan in the great Dacian plain. This may be

212

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

possible, so far as the language is concerned, but
there are some weighty objections to it.

We have no evidence for, and much against, the
existence of Rumanian speech north of the Danube
for nearly a thousand years after Rome abandoned
this outlying region. Dacia was one of the last
provinces to be occupied by Rome, and was the
first from which the legions were withdrawn upon
the dissolution of the empire. The northern Car-
pathians, furthermore, where the Rumanians claim
to have taken refuge during the barbarian inva-
sions, form part of the Slavic homeland, and it was
in these same mountains, and in the Ruthenian
districts of eastern Galicia, that the Slavic lan-
guages were developed, probably by the Sarmatians
and Venethi, and from which they spread in all
directions in the centuries that immediately follow
the fall of Rome. So it is almost impossible to
credit the survival of a frontier community of
Romanized natives situated not only in the path
of the great invasions of Europe from the east,
but also in the very spot where Slavic languages
were at the time evolving.

Rumanian speech occupies a large area outside
of the present kingdom of Rumania, in Russian
Bessarabia, Austrian Bukowina, and above all in
Hungarian Transylvania, all of which were parts
of ancient Dacia, and which are now to be “re-
deemed” by the Rumanians.

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES 213

This linguistic problem is further complicated
by the existence in the Pindus Mountains of Thes-
saly of another large community of Vlachs of
Rumanian speech. How this later community
also could have survi . ed from Roman times until
to-day, untouched either by the Greek language
of the Byzantine Empire or by the Turkish con-
quest, is another difficult problem. The solution
of these questions receives no assistance from an-
thropology, as these Rumanian-speaking popula-
tions, both on the Danube and in the Pindus
Mountains, in no way differ physically from their
neighbors on all sides. Through whatever channel
they acquired their Latin speech, the Rumanians
to-day can lay no valid claim to blood descent, even
in a very remote degree, from the true Romans.

The first Aryan languages known in western
Europe were the Celtic group which first appears
west of the Rhine about 1000 B. C.

There have been found only a few dim traces
of Pre- Aryan speech in the Bri -ish Isles, these
chiefly in place names. In Britain Celtic speech
was introduced in two successive waves, first by
the Goidels, or “Q Celts,” who apparently ap-
peared about 800 B. C., and this form exists to
this day as Erse in western Ireland, as Manx of
the Isle of Man, and as Gaelic in the Scottish
Highlands.

The Goidels were of bronze culture. When they

214 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

reached Britain they must have found there a
population preponderantly of Mediterranean type
with numerous remains of still earlier races of Pa-
leolithic times, and also some round skull Alpines
of the Round Barrows, who have since faded from
the living population. When the next invasion, the
Cymric, occurred, the Goidels had been very largely
absorbed by these underl)dng Mediterranean abo-
rigines who had accepted the Goidelic form of
Celtic speech, just as on the continent the Gauls
had mixed with Alpine and Mediterranean natives
though imposing upon the conquered their own
tongue. In fact, in Britain, Gaul, and Spain the
Goidels and Gauls were chiefly a ruling, military
class, while the great bulk of the population re-
mained unchanged, although Aryanized in speech.

The Brythonic or Cymric tribes, or “P Celts,”
followed about five hundred years later, driving
the Goidels westward through Germany, Gaul, and
Britain, as is proved by the distribution of place
names, and this movement of population was still
going on when Caesar crossed the Channel. The
Brythonic group gave rise to the modern Cornish,
extinct within a century, the Cymric of Wales,
and the Armorican of Brittany.

In central Europe we find traces of these same
two forms of Celtic speech, with the Goidelic
everywhere the older and the Cymric the more
recent arrival.

ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUA(iES 215

When the two Celtic-speaking races came into
conflict in Britain their original relationship had
been greatly obscured by the crossing of the Goi-
dels with the underlying dark Mediterranean race
of Neolithic culture, and by the mixture of the
Belgae with Teutons. The result of all this was
that the Brythons did not distinguish between
the blond Goidels and the brunet, but Celticizcd
Mediterraneans, as they all spoke Goidelic dia-
lects.

In the same way when the Teutonic tribes en-
tered Britain they found there peoples all speaking
Celtic of some form, either Goidelic or Cymric,
and promptly called them all Welsh (foreigners).
These Welsh were preponderantly of Mediterra-
nean type with some mixture of a blond Goidel
strain and a much stronger blond strain of Cymric
origin, and these same elements exist to-day in
England. The Mediterranean race is easily dis-
tinguished, but the physical types derived from
Goidel and Bry thon alike are me-ged and lost in
the later floods of pure Nordic blood. Angle, Saxon,
Dane, Norse, and Norman. In this primitive,
dark population, with successive layers of blond
Nordics imposed upon it, each one more purely
Nordic, lies the secret and the solution of the an-
thropology of the British Isles. This Iberian sub-
stratum was able to absorb, to a large extent, the
earlier Celtic-speaking invaders, both Goidels and

2x6 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

Brythons, but it is only just beginning to seriously
threaten the Teutonic Nordics, and to reassert its
ancient brunet characters after three thousand
years of submergence.

In northwest Scotland there is a Gaelic-speaking
area where the place names are all Scandinavian,
and the physical types purely Nordic. This is
the only spot in the British Isles where Celtic
speech has reconquered a district from the Teu-
tonic languages, and it was the site of one of the
earliest conquests of the Norse Vikings, probably
in the early centuries of our era. In Caithness in
north Scotland, as well as in some isolated spots
on the Irish coasts, the language of these same
Norse pirates persisted until within a century.
In the fifth century of our era and after the break-
up of Roman domination in Britain there was much
racial unrest, and a back wave of Goidels crossed
from Ireland and either introduced or reinforced
the Gaelic speech in the highlands. Later, Goi-
delic speech was gradually driven north and west
by the intrusive English of the lowlands, and was
ultimately forced over this originally Norse-speak-
ing area.

We have elsewhere in Europe evidence of
similar shiftings of speech without corresponding
changes in the blood of the population.

Except in the British Isles and in Brittany, Celtic
languages have left no modern descendants, but
have everywhere been replaced by languages of

ORIGV^T OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES r.17

Neo-Latin or Teutonic origin. Outside of Brittany
one of the last, if not quite the last, references to
Celtic speech in Gaul is the historic statement
that Celtic tribes, as we"! as ^^Armoricans/' took
part at Chalons in the great victory in 451 A. D.
over Attila, the Hun, and his confederacy of sub-
ject nations.

On the continent the only existing populations
of Celtic speech are the primitive inhabitants of
central Brittany, a population noted for their re-
ligious fanaticism and for other characteristics of a
backward people. This Celtic speech is said to
have been introduced in the early century of our
era by Britons fleeing from the Saxons. These
refugees, if there were such, must have been doli-
chocephs of either Mediterranean or Nordic race,
or both. We are asked by this tradition to be-
lieve that the skull shape of these Britons was
lost, but that their language was adopted by the
Alpine population of Armorica. It is much more
[probable that the Cymric-speaking Alpines of Brit-
tany have merely retained in this isolated corner
of France a form of Celtic speech which was prev-
alent throughout northern Gaul and Britain be-
fore these provinces were conquered by Rome and
Latinized. Caesar remarked that there was little
difference between the speech of the Belgae in
northern Gaul and in Britain. In both cases the
speech was Cymric.

Long after the conquest of Gaul by the Goths

2i8

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

and Franks, Teutonic speech was predominant
among the ruling classes, and by the time it suc-
cumbed to the Latin tongue of the Romanized na-
tives, the old Celtic languages had been entirely
forgotten outside of Brittany.

An example of similar changes of language is
to be found in Normandy where the country was
originally inhabited by the Nordic Belgje, who
spoke a Cymric language before that tongue was
replaced by Latin. This coast was ravaged about
300 or 400 A. D. by Saxons who formed settle-
ments along both sides of the Channel and the coasts
of Brittany, which were later known as the Litus
Saxonicum. Their progress can best be traced by
place names, as our historic record of these raids
is scanty.

The Normans landed in Normandy in the year
91 1 A. D. They were heathen Danish barba-
rians, speaking a Teutonic language. The relig-
ion, culture, and language of the old Romanized
populations worked a miracle in the transforma-
tion of everything except blood in one short cen-
tury. So quick was the change that 155 years
later the descendants of the same Normans landed
in England as Christian Frenchmen, armed with
all the culture of their period. The change was
startling, but the blood of the Norman breed re-
mained unchanged and entered England as a purely
Nordic type.

XIV

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA

In the iEgean region and south of the Caucasus
the Nordics appear after 1700 B. C., but there
were unquestionably invasions and raids from the
north for many centuries previous to our first
records. These early migrations probably were
not in sufficient force to modify the blood of the
autochthonous races or to substitute Aryan lan-
guages for the ancient Mediterranean and Asiatic
tongues.

These men of the North came from the grass-
lands of Russia in successive waves, and among
the first of whom we have fairly clear knowledge
were the Achasans and Phrygians. Aryan invaders
are mentioned in the dim chronicles of the Meso-
potamian empires about 1700 B. C., as Kassites,
and later as Mitanni. Aryan names of prisoners
captured beyond the mountains in the north, and
of Aryan deities before whom oaths were taken,
are recorded about 1400 B. C., but one of the first
definite accounts of Nordics south of the Caucasus
describes the presence of Nordic Persians at Lake
Urmia about 900 B. C. There were many incur-
sions from that time on, the Cimmerians raiding

219

220

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

across the Caucasus as early as 680 B. C., and
shortly afterward overrunning all Asia Minor.

The easterly extension of the Russian steppes
north of the Caspian-Aral Sea in Turkestan, as far
as the foothills of the Pamirs, was occupied by
the Sacae or Massagetae, who were also Nordics
and akin to the Cimmerians and Persians. For sev-
eral centuries groups of Nordics drifted as nomad
shepherds across the Caucasus into the empire of
the Medes, introducing little by little the Aryan
tongue, which later developed into Old Persian.

In 538 B. C. these Persians had become suffi-
ciently numerous to overthrow their rulers, and
under the leadership of the great Cyrus they organ-
ized the Persian Empire, one of the most enduring of
Oriental states. The base of the population of the
Persian Empire rested on the round skull Medes
who belonged to the Armenoid subdivision of the
Alpines. Under the leadership of their priestly
caste of Magi, these Medes rebelled again and again
against their Nordic masters before the two peoples
became fused.

From 525 to 485 B. C., during the reign of
Darius, whose sculptured portraits show a man of
pure Nordic type, the tall, blond Persians had be-
come almost exclusively a class of great ruling
nobles, and had forgotten the simplicity of their
shepherd ancestors. Their language belonged to
the Eastern or Iranian division of Aryan speech,

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN \SIA

221

and was known as Old Persian, which contin-
ued to be spoken until the fourth century be-
fore our era. From it were derived Pehlevi, or
Parthian, and modern Persian. The great book
of the old Persians, the A\esta, which was writ-
ten in Zendic, also an Iranian language, does not
go back to the reign of Darius, and was remodelled
after our era, but the Old Persian of Darius was
closely related to the Zendic of Bactria, and to
the Sanskrit of Hindustan. From Zendic, also
called Medic, are derived Ghalcha, Balochi, Kur-
dish, and other dialects.

The rise to imperial power of the dolichocephalic
Aryan-speaking Persians was largely due to the
genius of their leaders, but the Aryanization of
western Asia by them is one of the most amazing
events in history. The whole region became com-
pletely transformed so far as the acceptance by the
conquered of the language and religion of the Per-
sians was concerned, but the blood of the Nordic
race quickly became diluted, and a few centuries
later disappears from history.

At the time of the great wars with Greece the
pure Persian blood was still imimpaired and in
control, and in the literature of the time there
is little evidence of race antagonism between the
Greek and the Persian leaders, although their rival
cultures were sharply contrasted. In the time of
Alexander the Great the pure Persian blood was

222

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

obviously confined to the nobles, and it was the
policy of Alexander to Hellenize the Persians and
to amalgamate his Greeks with them. The amount
of pure Macedonian blood was not sufficient to re-
inforce the Nordic strain of the Persians, and the
net result was the entire loss of the Greek stock.

It is a question whether the Armenians of Asia
Minor derived their Aryan speech from this inva-
sion of the Nordic Persians, or whether they received
it at an earlier date from the Phrygians, and from
the west. These Phrygians entered Asia Minor
by way of the Dardanelles and broke up the Hit-
tite Empire. Their language was Aryan, and prob-
ably related to Thracian. In favor of the theory
of the introduction of the Armenian language by
the Phrygians from the west, rather than by the
Persians from the east, is the highly significant
fact that the basic structure of that tongue shows
its relationship to be with the western rather than
with the eastern group of Aryan languages, and
this, too, in spite of a very large Persian vocabu-
lary.

The Armenians themselves, like all the other
natives of the plateaux and highlands as far east
as the Hindu Kush Mountains, while of Aryan
speech, are of the Armenoid subdivision, in sharp
contrast to the predominant t)q)es south of the
mountains in Persia, Afghanistan, and Hindustan,
all of which are dolichocephalic and of Mediter-

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 223

ranean afl&nity, but generally betraying traces of
admixture with still more ancient races of negroid
origin, especially in India.

We now come to the last and easternmost exten-
sion of Aryan languages in Asia. As mentioned
above, the grasslands and steppes of Russia ex-
tend north of the Caucasus Mountains and the
Caspian Sea to ancient Bactria, now Turkestan.
This whole country was occupied by the Nordic
Sacse and the closely related Massagetae. At a
very early date, probably about the beginning of
the second millennium B. C., or perhaps even
earlier, the first Nordics crossed over the Afghan
passes, entered the plains of India, and organized
a state in the Penjab, “the land of the five rivers,”
bringing with them Aryan speech among a popu-
lation probably of Mediterranean type, and rep-
resented to-day by the Dravidians. The Nordic
SacEe arrived later in India and introduced the
f'^edas, religious poems, which were at first trans-
mitted orally, and which were reduced to written
form in Old Sanskrit by the Braiimans at the com-
paratively late date of 300 A. D. From this clas-
sic Sanskrit are derived all the modern Aryan lan-
guages of Hindustan, as well as the Singalese of
Ceylon and the chief dialects of Assam.

There is great diversity of opinion as to the date
of the first entry of these Aryan-speaking tribes
into the Penjab, and the consensus of opinion seems

224

EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

to indicate a period between 1600 and 1:700 B. G.
or even somewhat earlier. However, the very
close affinity of Sanskrit to the Old Persian of
Darius and to the Zendavesta would strongly indi-
cate that the final introduction of Aryan languages
in the form of Sanskrit occurred at a much later
date.

If close relationship between languages indi-
cates correlation in time, then the entry of the
Sacae into India would appear to have been nearly
simultaneous with the crossing of the Caucasus by
the Nordic Cimmerians and their Persian succes-
sors.

The relationship between the Zendavesta and
the Sanskrit Vedas is as near as that between High
and Low German, and consequently such close
affinity prevents our thrusting back the date of the
separation of the Persians and the Sacae more than
a few centuries.

A simultaneous migration southward of nomad
shepherds on both sides of the Caspian-Aral Sea
would naturally occur in a general movement
southward, and such migrations may have taken
place several times. In all probability these Nordic
invasions occurred one after another for a thousand
years or more, the later ones obscuring and blur-
ring the memory of their predecessors.

When shepherd tribes leave their grasslands
and attack their agricultural neighbors, the reason

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 225

is nearly always famine due to prolonged drought,
and causes such as these have again and again in
history put the noniad tribes in motion over large
areas. During maay centuries fresh tribes com-
posed of Nordics, or under the leadership of Nor-
dics, but all Ar/an-speaking, poured over the
Afghan passes from the northwest and pushed be-
fore them the earlier arrivals. Clear traces of these
successive floods of conquerors are to be found in
the Vedas themselves.

The Sacae and Massagetae were, like the Persians,
blond dolichocephs, and they have left behind
them dim traces of their blood among the living,
Mongolized nomads of Turkestan, the Kirghizes.
Ancient Bactria maintained its Nordic and Aryan
aspect long after Alexander’s time, and did not be-
come Mongolized and receive the sinister name of
Turkestan until the seventh century, when it was
the first victim of the great series of ferocious in-
vasions from the north and east, which, under vari-
ous Mongol leaders, destroyed civilization in Asia
and threatened its existence in Eu) ope. These tall,
blue eyed, Aryan-speaking Sacae were the most
easterly members of the Nordic race of whom we
have record. The Chinese knew well these “green
eyed devils,” whom they called by their Talar
name, the “Wu-suns,” the tall ones, and with
whom they came into contact in about 200 B. C.
in what is now Chinese Turkestan.

226 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

The 2’endic form of the Iranian group of Aryan
languages continued to be spoken by these Sacae
who remained in old Bactria, and from it is derived
a whole group of closely related dialects still spoken
in the Pamirs, of which Ghalcha is the best known.

The most easterly known Aryan tongue has
been recently discovered in Turkestan. It is called
Tokharian, and is undoubtedly a pure Aryan lan-
guage, related, curiously enough, to the western
group rather than to the Indo-Iranian. It has
been deciphered from recently found inscriptions,
and was a living language prior to the ninth cen-
tury A. D. This constitutes another proof of the
extent and duration of the Nordic occupation of
Bactria.

Of all the wonderful conquests of the Sacae there
remain as evidence of their invasions only these
Indian and Afghan languages. Dim traces of
their blood, as stated before, have been found in
the Pamirs and in Afghanistan, but in the south
their blond traits have vanished, even from the
Penjab. It may be that the stature of some of the
hill tribes and of the Sikhs, and some of the facial
characters oT the latter, are derived from this
source, but all blondness of skin, hair, or eye of the
original Sacae have utterly vanished.

The long skulls all through India are to be at-
tributed to the Mediterranean race rather than to
this Nordic invasion, while the Pre-Dravidians and

THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA 227

negroids of soutf India, with which che former are
largely mixed, are also doliconcephs.

In short, the introduction in Iran and India of
Aryan languages, Irania. , Ghalchic, and Sanskrit,
represents a linguistic and not an ethnic conquest

In concluding this revision of the racial founda-
tions upon which thv. history of Europe has been
based, it is scarcely necessary to point out that the
actual results of the spectacular conquests and in-
vasions of history have been far less permanent
than those of the more insidious victories arising
from the crossing of two diverse races, and that in
such mixtures the relative prepotency of the vari-
ous human subspecies in Europe appears to be in
inverse ratio to their social value.

The continuity of physical traits and the limi-
tation of the effects of environment to the indi-
vidual only are now so thoroughly recognized by
scientists that it is at most a question of time when
the social consequences which result from such
crossings will be generally understood by the public
at large. As soon as the true bearing and import
of the facts are appreciated by lawmakers, a com-
plete change in our political structure will inevi-
tably occur, and our present reliance on the influ-
ences of education will be superseded by a readjust-
ment based on racial values.

Bearing in mind the extreme antiquity of physi-

228 EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

cal and spiritual characters and the persistency
with which they outlive those elements of environ-
ment termed language, nationality, and forms of
government, we must consider the relation of these
facts to the development of the race in America.
We may be certain that the progress of evolution
is in full operation to-day under those laws of na-
ture which control it, and that the only sure guide
to the future lies in the study of the operation of
these laws in the past.

We Americans must realize that the altruistic
ideals which have controlled our social develop-
ment during the past century, and the maudlin sen-
timentalism that has made America “an asylum
for the oppressed,” are sweeping the nation toward
a racial abyss. If the Melting Pot is allowed to
boil without control, and we continue to follow our
national motto and deliberately blind ourselves to
all “distinctions of race, creed, or color,” the t)^e
of native American of Colonial descent will be-
come as extinct as the Athenian of the age of Per-
icles, and the Viking of the days of Rollo.

^GRAPir/

The following list of works will he of assistance to such
readers as may desire to investigate the aspects of anthro-
pology treated in this book.

Avebury, Lord:

Prehistoric Times. 1913.

Beddoe, J.:

Various writings.

Boule, M. :

Revue d’Anthropologie. 1888, 1905. and 1908.
Breuih TAbbe H.:

Various writings,

Broca, Paul:

Various writings.

Cartailhac, E.:

Various writings.

Chamberlain, Houston Stewart:

Foundations of the XIX th Century.

Coliignon, R.:

Various writings.

Darwin, Charles:

Descent of Man.

Davenport, Charles Benedict:

Heredity in Relation to Eugenics 1911.

Deniker, J.:

The Races of Man. 1901.

Duckworth, W. L. H.:

Morphology and Anthropology. 1904,

Prehistoric Man. 1912.

Flinders-Petrie, W. M,:

Revolutions of Civilization. 1912.

Galton, Sir Francis:

Hereditary Genius. 1892.

229

BIBLIOGRAPHY

230

Gowland, W.:

Metals in Antiquity. Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., XLII,
1912, p. 24s et seq.

Haddon, A. C.:

Wanderings of Peoples. 1912.

Races of Man.

The Study of Man. 1898.

Harle, E.:

Various writings.

Hauser, 0 .:

Various writings.

Hrdlicka, Dr. A.:

The Most Ancient Skeletal Remains of Man. 1914.
Huntington, Ellsworth:

Pulse of Asia. 1907.

Palestine and Its Transformation. 1911.

Civilization and Climate. 1915.

Johnston, Sir Harry H.:

Views and Reviews. 1912.

Colonization of Africa. 1905.

The Opening Up of Africa. 19 ii.

Keane, A. H.:

Man, Past and Present. 1900.

Ethnology. 1901.

Keith, Arthur:

Antiquity of Man. 1915.

Klaatsch, H.:

Homo Aurignacius Hauseri. 1909.

Klaatsch, H., and Hauser, O.:

Archiv fur Anthropologic. 1908.

MacCurdy, G. G4

The Eolithic Problem. 1905.

The Antiquity of Man in Europe. 1910.

Metchnikoff, Elie:

Nature of Man. 1903.

Mierow, Chas. C.:

The Gothic History of Jordanes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

231

Morgan, Thomas Hurt:

Heredity and Sex. 1914.

Heredity and Emironment. 1915.

Munro, John:

St >ry of the British Race 1907.

Munro, R.:

Paleolithic Man and the Terramara Settlements.
Obermaier, H.:

L’Anthropolojde. 1908 and 1909.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield:

Age of Mammals. 1910.

Men of the Old Stone Age. 1915.

Payne, Edward John:

History of the New World Called America. 1899.
Penck, A.:

Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic. 1908.

Peyrony, M., and Capitan:

Bulletins de la Societe d’Anthropologie de Paris.
1909-1910.

Quatrefages, A. de:

Various writings.

Rathgen, F.:

Die Metalle im Alterthum, 1915.

Reid, G. Archdall:

Principles of Heredity. 1905.

Laws of Heredity. 1910.

Retzius, A. A.:

Various writings.

PeUius, M. G.:

Various writings,

Ridgeway, Wm.:

Early Age in Greece. 1907.

The Thoroughbred Horse. 1905,

Ripley, W. Z.:

Races of Europe, 1899.

Rutot, A.:

Various writings.

Salisbury, R. D., and Chamberlain, T. C.:

Geology. 1905.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

232

Schoetensack, 0 .:

Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbcrgensis. 1908.
Schwalbe, G.;

Vorgeschichte des Menschen. Zeitschrift fiir Mor-
phologie und Anthropologic. 1906.

Sergi, G.:

The Mediterranean Race, 1901.

Smith, G. Elliot:

The Ancient Egyptians. 1911. And other writings,
Sollas, W. J.:

Ancient Hunters. 1911.

Taylor, Isaac:

Various writings.

Villari, Pasquale:

The Barbarian Invasions of Italy. 1902.

Woodruff, Charles Edward:

Effects of Tropical Light on White Men. 1905.
Expansion of Races. 1909.

Woods, Frederick Adams:

Heredity in Royalty. 1906.

Woodward, A. S.:

Various writings.

Zaborowski, S.:

Paris. Les Aryens en TAsie et TEurope.

INDEX

Accad, 107, 132, 206.

Ach®ans, 143-146, 155, 171, 194,
196, 210, 219.

Acheulean Pericxi, 02.

Achilles, 144.

Adamic theoiy, ii.

Adriatic, populations along east
coast of, 32.

/Eolian, 145; dialect, 210.

Afghan languages, 226.

Afghanistan, 134, 222-226.

Africa, 98, 159; Alpines in, 125,
126; Bronze Age in, 1 16; Medi-
terranean race in, 134, 137, 138,
140; negro population of, 29,
71, 72; no Nordic blood in, 194;
skull shape in, 20, 21; Teutons
in, 1 61; zoologically a part of
Europe, 137.

Agriculture, 100, 109-111, 124,
132, 208.

Ainiis, physical characters of the,

Alabama, 86.

Alans. 61, 159, 177,

Alaska, 41,

Albanians, 22, 138, 172; language,
210.

Albigensians, 142.

Alcoholism, 50, 51,

j!\lemanni, 13 1, 159.

Alexander the Great, 146, 147, 221,
222, 225.

Algeria, 40.

Alpine race, 135, 150, 170, 172,
220; in Africa, 125; aptitudes,
198; and Ar>'an speech, 205-
208; Asiatic branch of, 121; in
Austria, 126; in Britain, 115,

*80, 214; in Brittany, 57-59;
in Canada, 72; Celticizcd, 156,
158, 160; in colonial America,
75; description of, 18, 121;
present distribution of, 18, .21,
125, 126; invasion of Europe,
H4, 1 22-1 24; eye color, 18, 122;
in France, 40, 6c 126, 175, 177,
178; in Germany, 60, 65, 66, 166,
167, 169, T71; in Greece, 60;
habitat, 39, 40; hair, 18, 28, 30,
122, 151; in Italy, 60, no,
114, 124, 126, 142, 143; lake
dwellings of, 109; and Mediter-
ranean race, 13 1, 136; and met-
allurgy, 1 16; Mongolian ele-
ments in, 125; location during
Neolithic, in; and Nordic race,
32, 40, 122, 13^; destroyed by
Nordics, 116, 117, 132; origin,
103, 104, 1 21, 208; Proto-M-
pines, 122; rise of, in Euroj-)e,
172; skull of, 1 21; Slavic-speak-
ing, 58, III, 120, 126-129,
in Spain, 125; stature, 26, 121;
Teutonized, 122, 126.

Alps, 37, 135, 136,

156, 168.

Alsace, 126, 164.

Amber, 112.

America, in Colonial times, 42-44,
74-76; result of immigration to,
65, 79-82, 88; intermixture of
unit characters in, 12; Mediter-
ranec.n element in, 40; Nordics
in, 184; race development in,
228; danger of replacement of
higher by lower type in, 98;
Scandinavian element in, 187.

233

115DEX

^34

American aristocracy, 5; democ-
racy, 6; Revolution, 6.

Americans, decline in birth rate
of, 80; brunet, 40, 136; of Co-
lonial ancestry, 74; distinct type
of native, 79; Norman blood
among, 184, 185.

Amerinds, 20, 28-30.

Amorites, 194.

Anatolia, 18, 196.

Andaman Islands, 135.

Angles, 159, 181, 184, 215.

Anglo-Saxons, 71, 147.

Animals, domesticated, 100, 105,
109, III, 124, 132, 208.

Antes, 127.

Anthropoid apes, 88, 89.

Anthropology, 3, 85,

Apes, 88, 89.

Aquitaine, 185.

Arabia, 39, 138.

Arabic race, 132.

Arabs, 14 1.

Argentine, 69, 70.

Aristocracy, American, 5; true, 7.

Aristocrats, 170, 173, 174, 178.

Aristotle, 197.

Armenians, 54, 58, 61, 205, 206;
language, 222.

Armenoids, 18, 121, 205, 206, 220,
222.

Armor, 108.

Armoricans, 214, 217.

Arrows, 100; poisoned, 100, loi.

Art, Cro-Magnon, 100; Magda-
Icnian, 102; decline of, in Solu-
trean Period, loi, 102.

Artois, 187.

Aryan languages, i8,6i,’62,64,ii7,
129, 141, 146, 155, 173, 180, 189;
introduction into Europe, 201-
208; origin of, 209-218; most
primitive, 188; Pre- Aryan, 201,
203; Proto- Aryan, 201, 205, 209,
210.

Aryan race, 3, 62, 132, 189.

Asia, 18, 29, 58, 89, 99, 104, III,
112, 114, 147, 150, 153; Aryan

language in, 210-227; non-
Aryan, 201, 205, 206, 208;
earliest civilization in, 132; no
ethnic conquest in, 70; fossil
deposits, 88; Macedonians in,
147; chief area of man’s evolu-
tion and differentiation, ii, 88;
Mediterranean race in, 18, 134,
137, 201; Nordic invasion of,
189, 190, 194; races of, 18, 20;
early civilization of, 107; West-
ern ideals and culture in, 54.

Asia Minor, ii, 18, 104, 114, 121,
122, 143-145, 150, 156, 189, 19s,
220, 222; language, 204-206.

Assam, 223.

Assyria, 132, 206.

Athens, 97, 145, 147-

Atlas Mountains, 194.

Attila, 217.

Augustus, Emperor, 47, 192.

Aurignacian Period, 92, 96, 98-
100, 102.

Australia, Nordic race in, 70.

Australoids, 29, 195.

Austria, 52, 126, 127, 164.

Austrians, 122.

Avars, 129, 130.

Avesta, the, 221.

Azilian Period (Azilian-Tardenoi-
sian), 87, 93, 100, 102-105, 122,
124.

Babylonia, 132.

Bactra, 107.

Bactria, 221, 223, 225, 226.

Bahamas, 35, 36.

Balkan Peninsula, 128, 138, 161,
171.

Balkan States, 52, 53.

Balkans, 80, 104, iii, 114, 122, 129J
130; language, 204.

Balkh, 107.

Balochi dialect, 221.

Baltic Provinces, 54, 187, 188.

Baltic Sea, 33, 105, no, 112, 15 1
152, 154, 15b, 157, 162.

Baluchistan, 134.

INDEX

Barbadoes, 35.

Basques, 125, 141; racial charac-
ters, 203; language, 14 1, 202, 203.

Bas-reliefs, 100.

Batavia, 187.

Batavians, 159.

Bavaria, 104, 126.

Bavarians, 122, 127.

Bclgae, 131, 157, 175, 176, 180,
215, 217, 218.

Belgians, 176.

Belgium, 52, 53, 59, 104, s?6, 176.

Berbers, 22. 58, 138, 201.

Bessarabia, 212.

Bibliography, 229-232.

Birth, privilege of, 6; rate in upi>er
and lower classes, 43, 44, 47, 48.

Black Sea, T12, 122, 130, 148.

Blond type, 2 2 ; crossed with brunet,
12, 16; origin of, 190.

Body, proportions of, 30, 31,

Bohemia, 55, 164, 165, 168; na-
tional revival in, 54.^

Bone-carving, 99.

Bosnia, 172,

Bow and arrow, 100, 103.

Brachycephaly, 17, 103, 104, no,
n4, 115, 123, 124, 129, 131, 137,
142, 154, 207.

BraL-nans, 223.

Brazil, 69 .

Brenner Pass, 171.

Brennus, ^42.

Bretons, 57-59*

Britain, in, 115, 117, 120, 176,
iSo; Alpine invasion of, 206;
Aryan speech in, 202; Bronze
Age in, 123; Celtic speech in,
213-217; Cymric invasion of,
157; Nordics in, 156; Roman
occupation of, 181.

British Isles, brunets of, 24, 135,
136; Celtic speech in, 2 13-217;
Mediterranean race in, 135, 136,
138, 139; Nordic invasion, T70,
179-184; racial elements in, 215;
absence of round skulls in, 124,
214; Saxons in, 162.

Brittany, 72, 131, 183, 214; Celtic
speech in, 216-218.

Bronze, invention of, 113* no,
140, 143, i8c, 205, 207.

Bronze Agt, joS-iio, x 13-11 6,
123, 156, 189.

Brunet, crossed with blond, 12, 16,
Briinn-Pfedmost race, loi.
Brythons, 157, iSi, 214, 215.
Btikowina, 212.

Bulgaria, 138; national revival in,

54.

Bulgarians, 130.

Burgundians, 63, 66, 127, 131, 1^9,

162, 177.

Burgundy, 164.

Byzantine Empire, 60, 149, 161-

163, 171, J92, 204, 213.

Cajsar, 157, 163, 174-176, 181, 192,
193, 214, 217.

Calabrian language, 21 1,
California, 70.

Campignian Period, 108, 109.
Canada, Nordic population of, 72,
73*

Canadian, French, 43, 53; Indians,

8, 7 H.

Carpathian Mountains, in 126-
128, 211, 212.

Carthage, 139, 148, 161.

Caspian- Aral Sea, 153, 154, 196,
220, 224.

Cassiterides, 114.

Castilian language, 141, 21 1,
Catalan language, 141, 211.
Catholic colonics, the half-breed
in, 76.

Caucasian race, 3, 29; hair of,

30-

Caucasus Mountains, 205, 206,
219, 22c.

Cavalier type, 166, 167.
Celtiberians, 173; language, 202.
Celtic language, 5: -59, 14I) i57»
175, 176, 182; origm, 213-218.
Celtic race, 3, 57-59*

236

INDEX

Celtic-speaking nations, 117, 120,
123,125,156, 158, 160,171, 173,
1 80; physical characters, 157.
Celto-Scyths, 156.

Celts, 158, 160, 175; “P Celts,
214; “Q Celts,” 213.

Cephalic index, 16-21.

Central America, 57, 67.

Cereals, 124.

Ceylon, 134, 135, 223.

ChAlons, 217.

Characters, unit, iiy et seq,
Charlemagne, 163, 164, 168, 172,
177.

Charles V, 165.

Charles Martel, 162.

Chase, no.

Chellean Period, 92-94; Pre-Chel-
lean, 92-94.

Cherbourg, 182.

China, 70, 107.

Chinese, 70, 107, 225.

Chivalry, 198.

Christianity, 161-164, ^93^
Chronological table, 118, 119.
Cimbri, 159.

Cimmerians, 155, 171, 189, 196,
219, 220.

Cinque Cento, 191.

Cisalpine Gaul, 143.

Civil War, 14, 38, 77, 79.
Civilization, foundation of Euro-
pean, 147, 148.

Climatic conditions, 25, 34-38,190.
Cnossos, 148.

Colonial America, 42-44, 74-76.
Colonization, success in, 82.
Conquistadores, 67, 174.
Constantine, 149.

Constantinople, 149.

Consumption, 51.

Copper, no; implements, 109;

mines, 113.

Cornish, 214.

Com wales, 160.

Cornwall, 1 14, 160.

Crete, 87, 139, 148, 201.

Crimea, 159.

Croats, 128 .

Cro-Magnon race, 13, 93, 94; first
appearance, 96, 99; art of, lor,
102; disappearance of, 99, 103;
distribution of, 98; genius of,
97; origin Asiatic, 99; skull, 98;
weapons, 100.

Crusades, 164, 173.

Cuba, 68.

Cymric language, 175, 214, 215,
217, 218.

Cymry, 120, 131, 157, 158.

Cyprus, 1 13, 148.

Cyms, 220.

Czechs, 128.

Dacian plain, 128, 159, 211, 212.

Danes, 54, 59, 63, 131, 159, 162,
177, 182, 215.

Dante, 191.

Danube valley, 104, 109, 112, 114,
122, 150, 156, 213.

Darius, 220, 221, 224.

Dark Ages, 87,

Dart, barbed, 100, 10 1.

Dawm man, 93.

Dawn stones, 90.

De Geer, Baron, 152.

Democracy, tendency in a, 5-8.

Denmark, 105, in, 123, 152, 157,
187.

Diogenes, 197.

Diseases, 50.

Disharmonic combinations, 12, 24,

98-

Dnieper, 128.

Dog, 100, 105, III.

Dolichocophaly, 17, 21, 95, 96,
ioi, T03, 104, no, 116, 123, 134,
135, 137, 154 , 207.

Dordogne, 179.

Dorian, dialect, 210; invasion,
144; 145-

Dorians, 171.

Dravddians, 134-136, 223.

Dutch, 57, 71, 75.

East Indies, 70.

Eastern Empire, 149, 159, 161,192.

INDEX

237

Egypt, 54- 112-11S, 126, 134, 139,
147, I4H, 194, 202.

Egyptians, : 3, 58, 138, 20i.

Elam, 132.

Elimination of weak and un5t,
46, 49-

Eneolithic Period, 109, 115.

England, 9, 23, 52, 58, S3, 139,
166, 167; Angles in, 181; bronze
introduced into, 115; Danish
invasion, 182; economic change
in. 39, 186; ethnic elements in,
182, 183; iron weaponc, in, ii;;
land connection with Ireland
and France, 115, 180; Mediter-
ranean race in, 23, 139, 185-187;
nobility in, 173; Nordic race in,
170; decline of Nordic element,
185, 186; Norman element in,
184, 185, 218; physical types in,
215; Round Barrow men of,
123; Saxon invasion of, i8r,
182; in present war, 173, 179.
See also Britain and British Isles.

English, brunet, 135, 136; lan-
guage, 57, 71.

English Channel, 180.

Euanthropus, 93.

Folithic Period, 89, 90, 94.

IColiths, 89, 90.

Erse, 213.

Esquimaux, 98, 99, 195.

Esthonians, 202.

Esths, 203, 210.

Ethiopia, 137.

Ethiopian negro, 21.

Etruria, 139, 148.

Etruscans, 142, 143, 211; language,
202.

Eugenics, ideal in, 44.

Eye color, ii, 17, 18, 21, 22, 122,

151.

Fellaheen, Egyptian, 13, 138.

Ferdinand, 168.

Feudalism, 198.

Finland, 187, 202, 203.

Finlanders, 54, 202.

Finns, 59, 203. 210.

Firbolgs, 183.

Fisliing, no.

Flanders, 104, 170, 187, 200.
Flemings, 53, 57, 176, 187.

Flints, chipped, 89-99, 108;

polished, 107, 108.

Foot shape. 28.

France, 49, 52, 55, 103,

126, 146, 167, 180, 185, 186, 200,
203; Alpines in, 60, 1 7 1 ; Aryan
speech in, 202; m Caesar’s time,

175, 17b; Cre Magnoii race in,
98, Cymryin, 157; loss a war,

177, 178; Mediterraneans in,
138, 142; Nordics in, 156, 170,
175-177, 184; Normans in, 182;
and the v>apacy, 163; religious
wars in, 166; Saxons in, 182;
variation of physical characters
in, 20.

Francis I, 165.

Franco-Prussian War, 179.
Frankish kingdom, 162, 177.
Franks, 63, 131, 159, 162-164, 172,

176, 177, 184, 187, 217.
French-Canadians, 72, 73.

French, language, 21 1; nobility,

178; Nordic blood, 175; Revo-
lution, 5, 14, 177, 178; stature,

178, 179.

Frisians, 159.

Friulian language, 21 1.
Frontiersman, Western, 67, 76.
Furfooz race, 104, 122, 124.

‘‘Furor 1‘Iormanorum,” 117.

Gaelic, 213, 216.

Galatia, 143, 196.

Galatians, 158.

Galicia, 128, 141, 212.

Gaul, 63, III, 156, 162, 176, 184,
214; Alpines in, 207; Celtic
speech in, 217; under Nordic
race, 175.

Gauls, 120, 131, 141, 142, 156-158,
164, 171, 173, 175, 180, 196.
Genius, 47, 86, 97.

238

INDEX

Georgia, 3S> S6.

Gepidae, ISQ^

German, Emperor, 164, i6s; im-
migrants, 76, 78, 166; language,
57 , 164, 170, 171.

Germans, 57; immediate fore-
runners of, 176; pure type of, 66.

Germany, 200; Alpines in, 60; Cel-
tic-speaking tribes in, 156, 157,
214; imperial ideal in, 168; Medi-
terraneans in. III, 1 1 2, 120,
126, 13s, 153, 170, 187-189;
composition of population of,
65, 66; racial changes in, 126-
128, 166; race consciousness in,
53; Slavic occupation of east-
ern, 65, 126, 127; effect of
Thirty Years’ War on, 165-169,
179; unification of, 52, 53; the
Wends in, 65, 66.

Ghalcha dialect, 221, 226, 227.

Giza round skulls, 115.

Glacial stages, 89, 94.

Goidcls, 120, 156, 157, 176, 180,

18 1, 213-216; dialects of, 175,

182, 214-216.

Gold, 1 1 2.

Goths, 61, 66, 127, T31, 143, 158,
159, 163, 171, 174, 184, 187, 217.

Greece, 55, 138, 143, 155, 192, 196,
221; classic dialects of, 210;
dark ages of, 87; Nordic race in,
143-148, 189.

Greeks, 60, 140; genius of, 97;
physical traits of, 147; and Per-
sians, 221, 222.

Greenland, 187.

Crenelle race, 104, 122, 124.

GUnz glaciation, 89.

Hair, color, ii, 17, 18, 22, 23, 122,
1 51; structure of head, 28-30;
body, 29, 195.

Haiti, 68.

Hallstatt iron culture, 116, 117,
144.

Hamitic people, 138.

Hanover, 66.

Hapsburg, House of, 165.

Harold, King, 108.

Hebrew chronology, 4.

Heidelberg Man, 89, 93, 94, 106.
Hellas, 139, 145-147, 191.
Hellenes, 144-146, 190, 210.
Helvetians, 13 1, 159.

Henry VIII, 165.

Henry the Fowler, 128.

Heredity unalterable, 14-16.
Herodotus, 109.

Heruli, 159.

Himalayas, western, 20, 121.
Hindu Kush, 18, 121, 222.

Hindus, 16, 58, 64, 134, 136. 191.
Hindustan, 62-64, 134, 135, 221-
223; white population of, 70.
Hittite Empire, 222.

Hittites, 206.

Hohenstaufen Emperors, 168.
Holland, 115, 123, 164; population
Nordic, 170, 187.

Holy Roman Empire, 164.

Homer, 144, 171.

Homo, albus, 23; europaus, 150;
Heidelbergensis, 89, 93, 94, 106;
sapiens, 19.

Horse, 100.

Hudson Bay Company, 8.
Huguenots, 49, 75.

Humboldt, 197.

Hungarian nation, 55.

Hungarians, 128, 130.

Hungary, 120, 129, 130; language,
204; Saxons in, 182.

Huns, 159.

Hunting, loi, no.

Iberian Peninsula, 138, 141, 173;
states, 55.

Iberian race, see Mediterranean.
Iceland, 187.

Illyrians, 138, 171; language, 210.
Immigrants, 65, 67, 76, 88; in
America, 78-80; large families
among, 43; Scandinavian, 187;
skulls of, 14, 15; Teutonic and
Nordic tyjies of, 166.

INDEX

239

Immigraticiv, result of, in United
States, 79-82.

Immigration Commission, Con-
gressional, report oi, 15.

Imperial idea, 163.

Implements, flint, 90, 92; bronze.
109, 110; copper, 1 13.

India, 20, 62, 70, 107, 208; Ar^’^aii
languages in, 204, 223-227; fos-
sil deposits in, 88; Mediter-
ranean race in, 134. 136, 226;
Nordic race in, 63, 64, 155, 191,
223, 224; populations of, 134-
136.

Indians, 8, 9, 16, 29, 30, 50, 61;
and Americans, 78: in colonial
wars, 76; skull shape of, 20;
whites replaced by, 68.

Indo-European race, 61, 62.

Inquisition in Spain, 48.

Intellect, privilege of, 6.

Interglacial stages, 89, 92, 93.

Invaded countries, effect on lan-
guage and population in, 63, 64.

Xonians, 145; dialect, 210, 21 1.

Iran, 121, 227.

Iranian, language, 220, 221, 226,
227; plateaux, 104, 205.

Inland, 55, 58, 59, 115, 123, 175,
180, 181, 213, 216; ethnic ele-
ments in, 182, 183.

Irish, immigrants, ^6, 78; Nean-
derthal l>q>e of, 95, 96; racial
elements of, 59, 157, 182, 183;
stature, 25.

Irish national mo\'ement, 53, 54.

Iron, 109, 1 13, 117; discovery,
1 16; weaix)ns, 144, 181.

Italia Irredenta movement, 54.

Italians, 65, 80.

Italy, 25, 38. 49, 60, 138, 145, 148,
159, 164; Alpines in, 60, 114,
124, 126, 142; bronze intro-
duced into, 1 14, ns; Eneo-
lithic Period in, 109, 115; lan-
guages in, 202, 2n; Mediter-
raneans in, III, T42, 143; Nor-
dics in, 142, 156, 171, 191; races

in north, 142; in south 143;
Saxons in, ^82; 'lerramara
Period, no; Teutons in, 162;
unifleation of, 52, 53

Jamaica, 68.

Japan, 195.

Japanese farmers, 70.

Java, 88.

Jews, 14, 16, 80, 81, 197.

Jutes, 159.

Kassites, 132, 190, 206, 219.

Kptiicky, 35, 36.

Kirghizes, 225.

Kitchen middens, tii.

Kurdish dialect, 221.

Ladin language, 211

Lake Dwellers, Age of the Swiss,
109, in, 114, 124.

Language, 3, 4; changes in, 2[6-
218; a measure of culture, 207,
208; in invaded countries, 63,
64; nationalities founded on,
52, S3; no indication of race,
56-62.

Languedoc, 142.

Lapps, 202, 203.

La T^ne Period, 117, 120.

“Latin America,” 57.

Latin language, 63, 141, 211, 218.

Latin nations, 57.

Latin race, 3, 56, 57, 68.

Leonardo da Vinci, 191.

Lettish language, 188, 209.

Libyans, *04.

Liguria, 138, 142.

Ligurian language, 202, 21 1.

Lips, 27.

Lithnanu'.n language, 188, 209.

Litus Saxonicum, 2:8.

Livonians, 203.

Lombards, 66, 127, 13 1, 143, 159,
162, 163, 172.

Lombardy, 22, 3i, 164, 171.

London, 26, 139.

Lorraine, 126, 164.

Luxemburg, 164.

240

INDEX

Macedon, 146, i47«

Macedonians, 146, 147.

Magdalenian Period, 93, 99, 100,
102.

Maglemose, 105; industry, iio,
152.

Magna Graecia, 143.

Magyars, 128-130; language, 204,
211.

Malay Peninsula, 135.

Man, ancestry of, 93-106; ascent
of, 8s, 86; definition of, 92;
earliest skeletal evidence of, in
Europe, 89; phases of develop-
ment, 88-91 ; place of origin, 88;
predisposition to mismate, 19;
race, language, and nationality
of, 3, 4, three distinct subspecies
of, 17-19*

Manx, 213.

Marcomanni, 159.

Maritime architecture, 148.

Marius, 159.

Marriages between contrasted
races, 56.

Massachusetts, genius produced
in, 86.

Massagetse, 190, 220, 223-225.

Medcs, 155, igij 220.

Media, 132, 206.

Medic language, 221.

Mediterranean race, 62, 98, 105,
1 15, 121, 130, 150, 160, 170, 174,
175, 177, 181, 217; in Africa,
137, 138; and Alpine race, 131,
136; aptitudes, 198; in Arabia,
138; and Aryan speech, 201-
205; in Asia, 135, 137, 223; in
Britain, 214, 215; in British
Isles, 124, 136, 138, T39, 180,
182-184, 215; and Celtic speech,
217; classic civilization due to,
139, 148, 140; in Colonial

America, 75; description of, iS,
134; distribution in Neolithic,
m, 134, 13s; present distribu-
tion, 18, 134, ii' England,

124, 185-187; and other ethnic
elements, I35“i38> 14I) I4S> 14b;
not purely European, 140; rise
of in Europe, 172; in western
Europe, 135; eye color, 18;
forerunners of, 104; in France,
142, 178; and Gauls, 141; in
Greece, 14S, 146; habitat, 40*
41; hair, 18, 23, 28, 30; in In-
dia, 134, 136, 226; in Italy, no,
114, 142, 143; and language,
140, 141, 201, 204; metallurgy,
knowledge of, 132; route of mi-
gration, 140; and negroes, 137,
138; and Nordic race, 136, 146;
origin, 208; Proto-Mediterra-
nean, 135, 136; and Scandinavia,
136; skull of, 20, 21; in South
America, 70; stature, 25, 26;
handsomest types of, 143; in
Wales, 57, 5S.

Mediterranean Sea, 65, 80, 98, 104,
III, 134, 140, 148, 161.
Megalithic monuments, 116, 140.
Melanesians, 29.

Mendclian Laws of Inheritance,

II.

Mesocephaly, 17.

Mesopotamia, 107, 112, 113, 132,
206, 219.

Messapian language, 202.
Metallurgy, 108, 109, 112-115,
132, 205-208.

Mexican War, 77.

Mexico, peons of, 9; race mixture
in, 15, 68.

Michael Angelo, 191.

Microlithb, 100.

Middle Ages, 48, 60, 142, 148, 165,
166, 171, 183.

Mindel-Riss, 89.

Minoan Empire, 148.

Miocene, 89.

Mississippi, 86.

Missouri, 36.

Mitanni, 190, 206, 219.
Mohammedan invasion, 162,
Mongolians. See Mongols.

INDEX

241

Mongoloid race, 29; hair of, 30;
129, 130, ?04,

Mongols, 28“30, 60, 61, 121, 125,
129, 208, 225.

Moors, i4ij 162, 174.

Morocco, 1 16, 134.

Moscovy, 188.

Mousterian Period, 92. 94.

Muscovite expansion in Europe, 60.

Mycenaean culture, 139, 144, ta6,
148.

Napoleon, 167.

Napoleonic wars, 173, 178.

National, movements, 53, 54;

types, absorption of higher by
lower, 54, 55.

Nationalities formed around lan-
guage and religion, 53.

Nationality, 3, 4, 52, 53.

Navigation, 148, 180.

Neanderthal race, 13, 92, 94-96,
99, loi, 106.

Negroes, 14, 16, 21, 28-30, 61; Afri-
can, 71, 72; and Mediterranean
race, 137, 138; Nordic blood in,
73, 74; replacing whites in South,
68, 69; a servient race, 78, 79;
stationary character of, 69; in
United States, 73, 76, 87.

Negroid race, 29; hair of, 30; 135,
136, 208, 223.

Neolithic (New Stone Age), 26,
98 107-120, 122, 124, 134, 135,
142, 151, 180, 215; date of be-
ginning, 92, 105; duration of,
109; distribution of races dur-
ing, II I ; Pre-Neolithic, 105;
Upper Neolithic, 109.

New England, 34, 37; immigrants
in, 65; lack of race conscious-
ness in, 77; Teutonic in Colonial
times, 74.

New France, 76.

New Spain, 76.

New York, 5, 71; immigrants in, 81.

New Zealand, Nordic race in, 70.

Nomads, 9, 10, 224, 225.

Nordic race, 121, 135, 140; ad-
venturers and pioneers, 67;
alcoholism and consumption
among, 50, 51; and Alpine
race, 32, 122, 123, 125, 129-
132; conquest of Alpines, 116,
1 17; and Aryan languages, 14 1,
201-207, 209, 210; aptitudes,
198; area of development, 189;
aristocrats, 170; in Asia, 219-
226; in Australia and New Zea-
land, 70; in Britain, 214; in
British Isles, 180-186, 255, 216;
in Canada, 72. 73; Ccitic-

speo.king, 57-50, T23, 125,217;
centre of greatest purity of, 151;
climate, 34-38, ^5; in Colonial
America, 71-- 76; contact with
ancient civilization, 190, 191;
decline of, 171, 172, .173; de-
scription of, 18; present dis-
tribution of,|t8, 1 70-1 72; en-
ergy of, T9o;%md Englishmen,
184; outside of Europe, 194-196;
a purely European species, 150;
eye color, 1 7, 21 ; the fighting ele-
ment, 66, 67; first appearance of,
105, 117,152; among Flemings,
53; in France, 40, 175, 176; in
Germany, 66, 126, 166, 168, 187;
in Greece, 143-148; habitat, 33-
39; hair, 17, 22, 23, 28, 30; in
Hindustan, 62; American im-
migrants, 78; in India, 63, 64,
15.5, 191. 223, 224; in Italy, 142,
156, 171, 19 1 ; invasion of

Western Europe, 172; location
during Neolithic, iii, 112;
present location, 151; and
Mediterranean race, 136, 146;
metal weapons of, 116; migra-
tions of, 67, 155, 157; in mixture
with other races, 81; and ne-
groes, 74; and Normans, 218;
origin, 1 52-1 54; physical char-
acters, 150; in Poland, 126; Pre-
Nordic, 58; Proto-Nordic, 59,
153, 195, 201; red-haired branch,

242

INDEX

28; in Roman times, 120; in
Rome, 139; in Russia, 59, 128,
153-155, 187, 188; in Scandi-
navia, 187; in Scotland, 57; skin
color, 23, 24; skull, 17; and
slavery, 77; Slavic-speaking, 59,
60; in Southern United States,
75; in Spain, 141, 173, i 74 ;
stature, 26; e6tect of sun's rays
on, 34# 75; Teutonic branch, 57,
156-169; traits, 190, 198; in
United States, 74-79; in present
war, 66, 200.

Normandy, 63, 177, 182, 184;
change in language of, 218.

Normans, 63, 215; characteristics
of, 185; influence of, 184; trans-
formation of, 218.

Norse Vikings, 63, 159, 162, i8i,
215, 216,

North Sea, 149, 151, 154.

Northmen, 63, 13 1, 182.

Norway, 115, 123, 182, 187.

Nose form, 12, 27.

Ofnet, 104.

Oklahoma, 78.

Oscans, 142, 145, 156, 211; lan-
guage, 202.

Ossetes, the, 61,

Ostrogoths, 159, 162.

Ottoman Turks, 149.

Paintings, polychrome, 100.

Palatine Germans, 75.

Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), 20, 34,
92-107, no, 112, 135, 177, 183,
197,214; duration of, 92; Lower
Paleolithic, 92; Middle Paleo-
lithic, 92, 94; Upper Paleolithic,
87 , 92 , 93, 9b, 99, loo-

Palestine, 114, 194, 206.

Pamirs, the, 18, 121, 220, 226.

Pan-Germanic movement, 54.

Pan-Rumanian movement, 54.

Pan-Slavic movement, 54.

Parthian language, 221.

Pax Romana, 176.

Peasant, European, 104.

Pehlevi language, 221.

Pelasgians, 143-146, 190, 201;

language of, 210.

Penjab, the, 226; Nordic race in,

223.

Peons, Mexican, 9.

Persia, 20, 62, 132, 134, 204, 208.
Persian, Old, language, 220, 221,

224.

Persian Empire, 220.

Persians, 58, 147, 189, 191, 196,
219-222, 224; Aryanization of
western Asia by, 221.

Philip of Macedon, 146.
Philippines, Spanish in, 70.
Philistines, 194.

Phoenicia, 139, 148.

Phoenicians, 114; language, 141.
Phrygians, 144* iS5, I9S, 219,
222.

Physical characters and spiritual
and moral traits, 199, 227, 228.
Picardy, 187.

Pile built villages, 109.

Piltdown Man, 93, 94.

Pindus Mountains, 213.

Pioneers, 67.

Pithecanthropus, 88, 89.
Pleistocene, 88.

Pliocene, 88.

Po, valley of, iii, 115, 142, 143.
Poland, 55, iii; Nordic race in,
112, 120, 126, 153, 154, 170, 172,
189; Slavic occupation of, 127.
Poles, 53. 66, 128, 166.

Polish Jew, 14, 80, 81.

Population, effect of foreign inva-
sion on, 63, 64; infiltration into,
of slaves or immigrants, 65;
value and efficiency of, 44.
Portugal, 162, 173.

Portuguese language, 211.
Postglacial stage, 92, 94.

Pottery, no, 124, 132, 208.
Primates, 3, 22; erect, 88.

Pripet swamps, 1 28.

Provencal language, 21 1.

INDEX

243

Provence, 142.

Prussia, 146.

Prussian, (Bonissian), hn-

guage, 188, 209.

Prussians, ethnic origin of, 66.

Quebec Frenchmen, 72, 73.

Race, adjustment to habitnt, 82;
consciousness, 4, ^3, 53, 77;
generation, 35-38; effect of
democ racy on, 5; method of de-
termining, 13, 16; dishaimonic
combinations, 12, 24, 32, 98; dis-
tinguished from language and
nationality, 3, 4; feeling, 193;
importance of, 87; improve-
ment, 46, 47, 49; mixtures, 15,
16, 55, 56, 104, 227; physical
basis of, 11-32; positions in Ro-
man times, 120; replacement of
type, 42-44; resistance to for-
eign invasion, 64; selection, 42,
46, 49-51, 190-

Raphael, 191.

Religion, 59; nationalities founded
on, S3.

Renaissance, 191, 200.

Ris: glaciation, 93.

Riss-Wtirm, 93.

Robenhausian Period, 109, no.

Roman Church, 48, 76, 77.

Roman timpire, 65, 127, 149, 159,
-163, 168, 192, 193.

Roman State, 139, 191, 192.

Romance languages, 56, 205, 21 1.

Romans, 141, 156, T58, 175, 213;
in Britain, 181.

Romansch language, 21 1.

Rome, 56, 63, 65, 117, 139, 142,
143, 148, 161, 162, 172, 176, 191,
IQ2, 212, 217; Nordics and Med-
iterraneans in, 139.

Round Barrow men, 123, 124, 214.

Rumania, 55, 60, 138,

Rumanians, 130; language of,
211-213.

Russia, 1 1 2, 120, 129, 130, 153,

16?, 200; Alans and Goths in,
61; Alpines in, 123, 133: Bal-
tic provinces of, iS8; burial
mounds in, 154; changes in
racial predominance in, 1 28;
grasslands and stcppe& of, 208,
219, 220, ;'23; language in, 203,
210; Mongols in, 60; Muscovite
expansion in, 60; Nordic type in,
59, iS4, 156, 170, 172, 187-190;
races in, 154, 155; round skulls
in, 154; Saxons in, 1S2, V'aran-
gians in, 159; water connections
across, 153.

Sacae, 155, 190, 191, 220, 223-226,

Sahara, the, 39, 13;.

Sakai, 135.

Sanskrit, 134, 155, 191, 210, 221,
223, 224.

Sardinia, 25, 138, 148.

Sardinian stature, 25,

Sarmatians, 129, 212.

Savoy, 131.

Savoyard, skull of, 21.

Saxons, 63, 127, 128, 131, 159, 162,
177, 184, 215, 217, 218; inva-
sions of, 181, 182.

Saxony, 66, 181, 187.

Scandinavia, 4, 55, 105, no, 112,
140, 151, 154, 156, 157, 160, 166,
187; bronze introduced into,
1 15; brunets in, 136; first habi-
tation of, 151; Nordic race in,
170.

Scandinavians, 18, 57, 162, 184,

195.

Schleswig, 54,

Sclaveni, 127.

Scotch, 157; brunet, 136; High-
lander, 57; stature, 25, 26,

Scotch-Irish, 75.

Scotland, 36, 58, 63, 139, 170, 175,
181, 182, 213; ethnic elements
in, 184; language, 216; Nean-
derthal type in, 95.

Scythians, 61, 189.

Selection, 33; through alcoholism,

244

INDEX

50, 51; by climatic conditions,
25, 34-38, 190; through con-
sumption, 51; disease, 50; elim-
ination of unfit, 46, 49; social
environment, 42.

Semitic, language, 206; race, 132.

Senlac Hill, 108.

Serbian national revival, 54.

Serbs, 128, 130.

Serfdom, European, 9.

Serfs, Roman, 88.

Ship-building, 180.

Siberia, 70.

Sicily, 1 1 5, 126, 143.

Sidon, 148.

Sikhs, 226.

Sinai Peninsula, mines of, 113.

Singalese, 223.

Siwalik hills, 88.

Skin color, 23, 24.

Skull shape, ii, 13, 124, 125, 137,
197; African, 20; American In-
dian, 20; Asiatic, 20; Cro-
Magnon, 98; European, 17-19;
Neanderthal, 95; among immi-
grants, 14, 15; best method of
determining race, 16-21; an-
tiquity of distinction between
long and round, 20; see also
Brachycephaly and Dolicho-
cephaly.

Slave-trade, 71.

Slavery, 8, 9, 38, 77.

Slaves, Roman, 65, 192.

Slavic languages, 126, 129, 205,
2 1 1, 212; Proto-Slavic, 129.

Slavic race, 59, 60, 65.

Slavs, 58-60, III, 120, 129, 138,
154, 16 1, 1 71; in eastern Ger-
many and Poland, 126, 127;
northern and southern, 128; in
Russia, 128.

Slovak, 80.

Social environment, 42.

Socrates, 197.

Solutrean Period, 93, 99-102.

South Africa, Dutch and English
in, 71, 72.

South America, 57, 67, 68.

Southern United States, 40, 41,
64, 87; Nordic type in, 75; race
consciousness in, 7; poor whites
of, 35, 36.

Southerners, effect of climate on,
35-39*

Spain, 103, 135, 159, 183; Alpines
in, 125; aristocracy of, 174;
cause of collapse of, 174; elimi-
nation of genius producing
classes in, 48, 49; language of,
202, 203, 214; Mediterraneans
in, iii; Nordics in, 141, 156,
173, 174; racial change in, 174;
Teutons in, 162.

Spanish Main, 40, 68.

Spanish War, 67.

Sparta, 145, 147.

Spartans, 145.

Species, significance of the term, 19.

Stature, ii, 18, 24-26.

Stoicism, 193.

Styria, 164.

Suevi, 141, 159, 162, 163, 173.

Sumer, 107, 132, 206.

Susa, 132, 206.

Swabians, 127.

Sweden, 105, iii, 112, 158, 159,
176; bronze introduced into,
123; Nordic race in, 187; race
consciousness in, 53; unity of
race in, 151.

Swedes, 21, 162.

Swiss, 122.

Switzerland, 40, 109, 114, 124, 126,
164.

Syria, 126.

Syrians, 80.

Tatars, 125, 129.

Tchouds, 203.

Tennessee, 35, 36.

Terramara Period, no, 114.

Teutonic branch of the Nordic
race, 18, 34, 37, 38, 57, 58, 112,
117, 120, 131, 151, 152, 184, 187,
200; Proto-Teutonic, 152.

INDEX

245

Teutonic invasions, 58, 161-169.

Teutonic languages, 57, 125, 216-
218.

Teutons, 126, 127, 1^9, 156-100,
171, 176, 177, 2i5i physical
characters, 157, 15b; Proto-
Teutons, 105.

Thebes, 147.

Thessaly, 213.

Thibet, 20, 121.

Thirty Years’ War, 165-169, 179.

Thracian language, 210, 222.

Tin, 113, 114.

Tin Isles of Ultima Thule, 114.

Titian, 19 1.

Tokharian language, 226

Tools, 90, 92, 100, 108, 109, 113,
J40.

Trade routes, 112.

Trajan, Emperor, 211.

Transylvania, 212.

Trapping, no.

Tripoli, 126.

Trojans, 144.

Troy, siege of, 144.

Tunis, 115, 116, 126, 143.

Turcoman, 205.

Turkestan, 220, 223, 225, 226.

Turks, 129, 130, 149; language of,
204, 206; racial elements, 204.

Tuscan language, :ii.

Tyre, 148.

Tyrol 116, 126, 171.

Tyrolese, 122.

Ugriun language, 210.

Umbrians, 131, 142, 145, 156, 21 1;
language, 202.

Unit characters, it, d seq.; 26; in-
termixture of, 12; unchanging,
13-16, 124.

United States of America, German
and Irish immigrants in, 76, 78;
Indian element in, 78; negroes
of, 73; Nordic blood in the Col-

onies, 74-76; race consciousness
in, 7;; radeJly a European col-
ony, 74-76. See also Anicrica.
Usshei, Archbishop, 4.

Valais, 160.

Vandals, 66, 127, 131, 141, 159,
162, 163, 177, 194*

Varangian?, 159, 171.

Vedas, the, 223-225.

Veddahs, 135.

Venethi, 127, 129, 212.

\''enezia, 164.

Venezuela, 68.

’'/enice, 171.

Vikings, 63, 116, 159^ 181, 184,
185, 187, 215, 216.

Virginia, 75.

Visigoths, 141, 159, 162, 173, 177.
Vlachs, 160, 213.

Wales, 139, 160, 183, 214. .

Wallachian, 160.

Walloons, 53, 126, 160, 176, 21 1.
Wars, European, 52, 173, 179, 199,
200; losses from, 179; Nordic
element in, 66, 67; of the Roses,

Wealth, privilege of, 6.

Weapons, 90, 100, loi, 103, 108,
113, 114, 116, 117, 140, 144, 181,
207.

Welsh, 57, 58, 160, 215.

Wends, 65, 66, 127, 128.

West Indies, 68.

Western Empire, 16 1, 191.

White Sea, 153.

Women, 23, 31.

Writing, 208.

Wiirm glaciation, 94, 153.
Wiirtcmberg, 126, 165,
Wiirtembergers, 122.

Wu-suns, 194, 225.

Zendaverta, 2^4.

Zendic, 221, 226.